GO:0003333

BP

amino acid transmembrane transport

The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

SLC6A6, PEX3, SLC7A9, SLC1A5, SLC38A9, SLC16A10, SLC38A5, SLC38A10, SLC6A14

GO:0003334

BP

keratinocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

FLNB, FOSL2, SFN, CDC42, EXPH5, PALLD, IFT74

GO:0003337

BP

mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.

GREM1, BMP4, PAX8

GO:0003338

BP

metanephros morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.

CTNNB1, FRAS1

GO:0003340

BP

negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.

CTNNB1, CITED1

GO:0003341

BP

cilium movement

The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

CCDC42B, ARMC4, RSPH4A, DNAAF5, CCDC103, C6orf165, DNAH5, DNAH11, DNAI1

GO:0003342

BP

proepicardium development

The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum.

ZFP36L1

GO:0003344

BP

pericardium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized.

LRP6, NOTCH1, SOS1, DLL4

GO:0003345

BP

proepicardium cell migration involved in pericardium morphogenesis

The coordinated movement of a mesenchymal proepicardial cell to the surface of the developing heart.

FLRT3

GO:0003350

BP

pulmonary myocardium development

The progression of the pulmonary myocardium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The pulmonary myocardium is the myocardial tissue present in the pulmonary vein.

PITX2, SEMA3C

GO:0003351

BP

epithelial cilium movement

The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium of an epithelial cell. This movement is usually coordinated between many epithelial cells, and serves to move fluid.

TTLL1, SPA17, DNAH1

GO:0003356

BP

regulation of cilium beat frequency

Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

ARMC4, DNAH11

GO:0003357

BP

noradrenergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.

SOX4

GO:0003358

BP

noradrenergic neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

ASCL1, INSM1

GO:0003359

BP

noradrenergic neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a noradrenergic neuron.

ASCL1

GO:0003360

BP

brainstem development

The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.

GART, SMAD4, NLGN4X

GO:0003365

BP

establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell.

AMOT, AMOTL1

GO:0003374

BP

dynamin family protein polymerization involved in mitochondrial fission

The process of creating dynamin protein family polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin family monomers around a lipid tube of a dividing mitochondrion. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.

OPA1

GO:0003376

BP

sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

EZR, S1PR1, S1PR3, SPHK1

GO:0003382

BP

epithelial cell morphogenesis

The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.

CLDN3, FLNB, AR, RAC1, PALLD

GO:0003383

BP

apical constriction

The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell.

FRMD6

GO:0003401

BP

axis elongation

The developmental growth that results in the elongation of a line that defines polarity or symmetry in an anatomical structure.

PTK7

GO:0003402

BP

planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to axis elongation.

WNT5A, MAGI2

GO:0003407

BP

neural retina development

The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.

ACTL6A, ATP2B1, ATP2B4, PSEN1, SMARCA4, TGFB2, SMARCD3

GO:0003408

BP

optic cup formation involved in camera-type eye development

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic cup, a two-walled vesicle formed from the optic vesicle.

ARID1A, WNT5A

GO:0003413

BP

chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

SOX9, TRIP11

GO:0003415

BP

chondrocyte hypertrophy

The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time.

SOX9, MEX3C

GO:0003416

BP

endochondral bone growth

The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.

EVC, BNC2

GO:0003417

BP

growth plate cartilage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.

COMP

GO:0003420

BP

regulation of growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

CARM1

GO:0003421

BP

growth plate cartilage axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the columnar cartilage along the axis of a long bone that contributes to bone growth.

STC1

GO:0003430

BP

growth plate cartilage chondrocyte growth

The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another.

TGFBR2

GO:0003433

BP

chondrocyte development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis

The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone.

SERPINH1

GO:0005513

BP

detection of calcium ion

The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.

SYT1, CALM2, RYR2, KCNIP2

GO:0005975

BP

carbohydrate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.

AKR7A2, UGDH, PGLS, ALDH2, INSR, GPI, HEXA, LDHB, BPGM, SLC3A2, LCT, SLC2A3, ADRB3, SLC2A4, AKR1B1, FUT1, AMY2B, FUT4, SLC2A5, ALDH1B1, CHI3L1, TALDO1, SPAM1, PHKA2, IDH2, GALC, SLC35A1, GALK2, GLO1, GFPT1, FUT2, HYAL2, CHIT1, MLEC, GANAB, ATHL1, MDH1B, CHST3, GALNT7, GLB1L2, GALNT4, HHIP, NPL, CHST5, CHST6, DPM3, KL, SHPK, CNOT7, NAGPA, HPSE, CHST2, POMT1

GO:0005976

BP

polysaccharide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.

CHST7

GO:0005977

BP

glycogen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.

PPP1R3D, PYGM, G6PC, PPP1CC, IL6ST, PPP1R2, PHKA1, GSK3B, PPP1CA, PPP1CB, GBE1, PPP1R1A, PPP1R3A, PPP1R3B

GO:0005978

BP

glycogen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.

GYG2, UBC, GYS1, NR1D1, AKT1, AKT2, AGL, PGM1, GYS2, RPS27A, UBA52, GBE1, UGP2, PGM2, PRKAG3

GO:0005979

BP

regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.

PPP1R3D, AKT1, PPP1CA, PPP1CB, PPP1R3F, PPP1R3B, INPP5K

GO:0005980

BP

glycogen catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.

GYG2, GAA, PYGB, PYGM, AGL, G6PC, PGM1, PHKA2, PHKA1, CALM2, PGM2

GO:0005981

BP

regulation of glycogen catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.

PPP1R3D, PPP1CA, PPP1CB, PPP1R3B

GO:0005983

BP

starch catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants.

MGAM

GO:0005985

BP

sucrose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.

GAA

GO:0005986

BP

sucrose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.

FBP2, FBP1

GO:0005989

BP

lactose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.

SLC2A1, B4GALT1

GO:0005997

BP

xylulose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.

DCXR

GO:0005999

BP

xylulose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.

TKT, TALDO1

GO:0006000

BP

fructose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.

FBP2, PFKFB2, ALDOA, FBP1, ALDOC, PFKFB1, PFKFB3, PFKFB4

GO:0006001

BP

fructose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.

FBP2, FBP1

GO:0006002

BP

fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism.

FBP2, FBP1, PFKL, TALDO1, GFPT1

GO:0006003

BP

fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase.

PFKFB2, PFKFB1, PFKFB3, PFKFB4

GO:0006004

BP

fucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.

FUCA1, FUCA2

GO:0006006

BP

glucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

SLC37A4, H6PD, INS, IGF2, TNF, APOD, BPGM, PDHA1, GAA, DLAT, PDHB, G6PD, IGFBP5, NPY1R, AKT1, AKT2, PCK1, PGM1, LEP, PIK3CA, GNPDA1, CPT1A, SORD, FABP5, CREM, PPARD, KCNJ11, PDK1, ADIPOQ, MAPK14, PDK4, BRAT1, DCXR, OMA1, PGM2, GHRL, NISCH, IRS2

GO:0006007

BP

glucose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

LRP5, BAD

GO:0006011

BP

UDP-glucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

UGDH, UGP2

GO:0006012

BP

galactose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.

GALT, B4GALT1, SLC35A2, GALK2, PPARGC1A

GO:0006013

BP

mannose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.

MAN2B1, MAN2A2, MAN2B2

GO:0006015

BP

5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.

PRPS2, PRPS1

GO:0006020

BP

inositol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

ITPKA, IMPA1, PPIP5K1

GO:0006021

BP

inositol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.

IMPA1, ISYNA1

GO:0006024

BP

glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.

HS3ST1, HS6ST1, UGDH, SDC3, GPC4, HEXA, PDGFRB, SDC1, SDC4, SDC2, GPC1, NDST1, HSPG2, EXT1, SLC35D2, HS2ST1, GALNT5, GCNT2, GPC2, PXYLP1, EXT2, HS6ST2, XYLT2, GPC6, HS3ST3B1

GO:0006027

BP

glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.

SDC3, GPC4, FUCA1, GNS, SDC1, SDC4, SDC2, GPC1, SGSH, NAGLU, HSPG2, HYAL2, HGSNAT, GPC2, HPSE, GPC6

GO:0006029

BP

proteoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

COL11A1, BMP2, PPARD, HPSE

GO:0006032

BP

chitin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.

CTBS, CHIT1

GO:0006040

BP

amino sugar metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.

ST3GAL2

GO:0006043

BP

glucosamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.

GNPDA1

GO:0006044

BP

N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.

MGEA5, LARGE, CHST4, CHST5, CHST6, CHST7, CHST2

GO:0006045

BP

N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.

GNE

GO:0006046

BP

N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.

GNPDA1

GO:0006047

BP

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

GFPT1, GNE, SLC35A3

GO:0006048

BP

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

GNPDA1, GFPT1, UAP1

GO:0006054

BP

N-acetylneuraminate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.

ST6GAL1, ST3GAL1, CMAS, GNE

GO:0006061

BP

sorbitol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.

AKR1B1

GO:0006062

BP

sorbitol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.

SORD

GO:0006065

BP

UDP-glucuronate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.

UGDH, UGP2, SLC35D1

GO:0006066

BP

alcohol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.

ALDH2, ALDH3B2, DHRS4

GO:0006068

BP

ethanol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.

ALDH2, ALDH1B1, ADH7, ALDH3B2

GO:0006069

BP

ethanol oxidation

An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.

ADH1B, ALDH1A1, ALDH2, ALDH1B1, ADH7, ACSS2, ACSS1

GO:0006071

BP

glycerol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.

GK, TKFC, COQ2, DGAT2, COQ3

GO:0006072

BP

glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.

GPD2

GO:0006081

BP

cellular aldehyde metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.

AKR7A2, ALDH1A1, ALDH9A1, ALDH7A1, ALDH3A2

GO:0006082

BP

organic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.

FMO2

GO:0006084

BP

acetyl-CoA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.

ACACB, FASN

GO:0006085

BP

acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.

ACSS1

GO:0006086

BP

acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.

PDHA1, DLAT, PDHB

GO:0006089

BP

lactate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid.

PFKFB2, LDHA, LDHB, HIF1A

GO:0006090

BP

pyruvate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.

SLC16A3, LDHA, LDHB, PDHA1, DLD, DLAT, PDHB, PC, BSG, GLO1, HAGH, ME3, PCK2

GO:0006091

BP

generation of precursor metabolites and energy

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.

UQCR11, POMC, COX6C, COX6A1, SLC25A4, ADRB3, COX7C, ENPP1, DLST, PPP1R2, PHKA2, PHKA1, GNPDA1, GYS2, SLC25A3, OGDH, PPARD, GBE1, COX17, ACOX1, ADIPOQ, ACO2, CROT

GO:0006094

BP

gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.

FBP2, SLC25A12, GOT2, PGK1, RBP4, ALDOA, GAPDH, ENO1, GPI, BPGM, ENO2, FBP1, ALDOC, PC, ENO3, PFKFB1, PGAM1, ATF3, ATF4, PCK1, G6PC, PGM1, MDH1, MDH2, GPD2, SLC25A1, TPI1, CRY1, PCK2, G6PC3, PPARGC1A, SLC25A10, SLC25A13

GO:0006096

BP

glycolytic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.

PFKFB2, LDHA, ALDOA, BPGM, PFKFB1, PFKL, PGAM1, HK1, PGM1, TPI1, OGDH, HKDC1

GO:0006097

BP

glyoxylate cycle

A modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate. Glyoxylate can then react with acetyl-CoA to form malate.

IDH1, IDH2

GO:0006098

BP

pentose-phosphate shunt

The glucose-6-phosphate catabolic process in which, coupled to NADPH synthesis, glucose-6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ribulose 5-phosphate; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses.

PGLS, H6PD, G6PD, TKT, TALDO1, PGD, TPI1, PGM2, DERA

GO:0006099

BP

tricarboxylic acid cycle

A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.

IDH3B, IDH1, FH, PDHA1, DLD, DLAT, PDHB, SDHB, SDHA, DLST, MDH1, MDH2, IDH2, SUCLG1, OGDH, MDH1B, SDHC, ACO2, SUCLA2

GO:0006101

BP

citrate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.

GHR, STAT5A, STAT5B, ACO2

GO:0006102

BP

isocitrate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle.

IDH3B, IDH1, IDH2, ACO2

GO:0006103

BP

2-oxoglutarate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.

IDH3B, IDH1, GOT2, DLD, GHR, STAT5A, IDH2, STAT5B, MRPS36, OGDH, ADHFE1, GPT2

GO:0006104

BP

succinyl-CoA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A.

SUCLG1, OGDH, ACOT4, SUCLA2

GO:0006105

BP

succinate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.

GHR, SDHB, SDHA, STAT5A, STAT5B, SUCLG1, SUCLA2

GO:0006106

BP

fumarate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.

FH

GO:0006107

BP

oxaloacetate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.

GOT2, GHR, PCK1, MDH1, MDH2, STAT5A, STAT5B, PCK2, MDH1B