GO:0007206

BP

phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

HOMER1

GO:0007207

BP

phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

CHRM2, CHRM3, HRH3

GO:0007208

BP

phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).

HTR2C

GO:0007210

BP

serotonin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

HTR2C, HTR2B

GO:0007212

BP

dopamine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

GNAI3, NSG1, GSK3B

GO:0007213

BP

G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

Any series of molecular signals initiated by an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of the target cell binding to one of its physiological ligands, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

RGS10, GNAI2, CHRM2, CHRM3, GNA11, GNAQ, GNB1, PLCB1

GO:0007214

BP

gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor.

GABBR2, GNAI2, ATF4, GABRA5, SLC12A2, PLCL1, GABBR1, PLCL2

GO:0007215

BP

glutamate receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to a glutamate receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

SSTR1, GRIA4, GNAQ, FMR1, GRIN2A, PLCB1

GO:0007216

BP

G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, and proceeding with the activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

GRM6, HOMER3

GO:0007217

BP

tachykinin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor.

GRK5

GO:0007218

BP

neuropeptide signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor.

AGRP, CRCP, NXPH3, ECEL1, POMC, PENK, SCG5, NMB, CPE, GAL, NPY1R, SSTR1, OPRL1, NPBWR1, GLRB, NMU, NPY2R, MC2R, NPY5R, CARTPT, NPB, KISS1R

GO:0007219

BP

Notch signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

NEURL1B, ADAM10, ITGB1BP1, SNAI2, GMDS, MYC, TGFB1, APP, KRT19, ANXA4, UBC, BMP2, AGXT, MDK, PLN, TGFBR2, CDKN1B, NOTCH1, SOX9, PSEN1, PSEN2, ASCL1, CDH6, RPS27A, UBA52, JAG1, ADAM17, CDK6, HHEX, NOTCH2, EP300, CNTN1, FOXC1, HES1, NR0B2, ZNF423, NOTCH2NL, MIB1, MAML2, NKAP, DNER, APH1B, CREBBP, KAT2B, MIB2, APH1A, PERP, ITCH, MAML3, RITA1, IFT74, NR1H4, SPEN, S1PR3, CHAC1, WDR12, HEYL, DLL4, SEL1L, HEY1

GO:0007220

BP

Notch receptor processing

The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.

ADAM10, PSEN1, PSEN2, JAG1, ADAM17, DNER, APH1B, APH1A, DLL4

GO:0007221

BP

positive regulation of transcription of Notch receptor target

The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain.

NOTCH1, MAML2, MAML3, RBM15

GO:0007223

BP

Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

MAP3K7, FZD6, NFATC1, CTNNB1, WNT5A, CALM2, GNB1, PPP3CA, TNRC6A, TNRC6C, AGO4, PLCB1, TCF7L2, NLK, AGO2, FZD4, TNRC6B

GO:0007224

BP

smoothened signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

C21orf2, GLI2, GLI3, TROVE2, BMP4, TGFBR2, NDST1, EVC, PTCH1, HES1, SEPT2, STIL, NSDHL, TCTN3, BBS7, GPC2, IQUB, DYRK2, DISP1, TCTN2, PTCHD1, HHIP, IFT27, HIPK2, CENPJ, IFT46, CC2D2A, B9D1, HSPB11

GO:0007225

BP

patched ligand maturation

The posttranslational modification of members of the Hedgehog family of signaling proteins in order for Hedgehog to exert its biological activity. These modifications include cleavage of its signal sequence, autocatalytic protein cleavage and the attachment of sterol groups.

DISP1

GO:0007227

BP

signal transduction downstream of smoothened

The series of molecular signals that are initiated by the transmembrane protein Smoothened. In the presence of a Hedgehog signaling molecule, the Patched protein no longer inhibits the activity of Smoothened, and Smoothened signals via the Hedgehog signaling complex to activate downstream components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.

IFT122

GO:0007229

BP

integrin-mediated signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of extracellular ligand to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

ADAM10, ITGB1BP1, TYROBP, SEMA7A, ITGA10, COL3A1, APOA1, ITGB3, ITGB2, ITGB1, ITGAV, ITGA5, FGR, ITGAM, VAV1, ITGB4, ITGA2, ITGB5, ITGAX, NME2, ITGA6, ITGA3, ITGB8, CTGF, MYH9, ITGAE, SYK, PLP1, DST, PTK2, PTPN11, COL16A1, CD47, CDH17, ILK, ADAM9, CUL3, ITGA9, NEDD9, PRKD1, ZYX, CCM2, FUT8, ADAMTS1, VAV3, ITGA11

GO:0007231

BP

osmosensory signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change.

OSR1, TRPV4

GO:0007249

BP

I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.

TLR4, TLR3, IRAK2, MAP3K7, RIPK2, ROCK2, BCL10, TNF, CD14, UBC, NFKB1, BCL3, AVPR2, RPS27A, UBA52, RELB, REL, BIRC3, RIPK1, TRADD, TAB1, IRAK1BP1, TAB3, ZNF675, TANK, AZI2, NKIRAS1, HACD3, NFKBIL1, TBK1

GO:0007250

BP

activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity

The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues.

TLR3, MAP3K7, CHI3L1, IRAK1, TIRAP, ZFP91, COPS8, CARD10

GO:0007252

BP

I-kappaB phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.

TLR4, TLR3, MAP3K7, TLR2, PRDX4, ERC1

GO:0007253

BP

cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB

The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.

PSMD10, IL10, G3BP2, FAF1

GO:0007254

BP

JNK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

MAP2K7, IRAK2, MAP3K13, MAP3K7, RIPK2, TNF, UBC, ADORA2B, PTGER4, MAPK8, MAPK9, CRKL, IRAK1, RPS27A, UBA52, GPS2, MAPK8IP2, TAB1, MAP4K3, MINK1, TAB3, TRIB1, MAP3K5, DUSP9, TNFRSF19, DUSP10

GO:0007256

BP

activation of JNKK activity

The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) activity. JNKKs are involved in a signaling pathway that is primarily activated by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress.

NRK, TNIK

GO:0007257

BP

activation of JUN kinase activity

The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase (JNK).

MAP2K7, TNFSF11, AXIN1, SPAG9, ERN1, CD40LG, WNT5A, SYK, GAB1, RIPK1, PKN1, MLK4, MAP3K5, MDFI, ZAK, HACD3, MAPK8IP3, MAP4K5

GO:0007258

BP

JUN phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein.

MAPK8, MAPK9, MAPK8IP1

GO:0007259

BP

JAK-STAT cascade

Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

SOCS2, SOCS3, SOCS6, SOCS1, JAK2, SOCS5, STAMBP, GH1, GHR, CCL2, IFNAR1, STAT3, STAT5A, IFNAR2, STAT5B, STAT2, PKD1, NMI, PKD2, CLCF1

GO:0007260

BP

tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.

JAK2, F2R, LEP, JAK3

GO:0007262

BP

STAT protein import into nucleus

The directed movement of dimerized STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) proteins into the nucleus following activation by members of the janus activated kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases.

JAK2, F2R, JAK3, HES1

GO:0007263

BP

nitric oxide mediated signal transduction

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.

DDAH1, DDAH2, AGT, APOE, CD36, FPR1, NOS3, NPY2R, AGTR2, MT1X, NDNF, RASD1

GO:0007264

BP

small GTPase mediated signal transduction

Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals.

RAB27B, KRIT1, ARHGAP33, RAB29, SIAH2, DAB1, BCAR3, RHOBTB3, DIRAS3, HMOX1, RAC2, VAV1, RHOQ, ARF4, RAB3B, RAB5A, CHM, CHML, TRIM23, ARL4D, GDI2, RAB5C, RAB7A, RAB9A, RAB28, RAB27A, RAP1GDS1, GEM, RRAD, RAC3, CDC42, RAB4B, RAB2A, RAB5B, RAB11A, RAB1A, RAC1, ARF1, ARF5, SOS2, TNK2, ARL16, RAB40B, ABR, PLD1, RAB31, RAB32, RAB33A, RALBP1, RHEB, ITSN1, RAB11B, ARHGAP31, RABL6, RALGPS1, DOCK11, RAB12, KNDC1, ARHGAP30, RALGPS2, ARL17A, RASEF, ARHGAP18, ARL14, DOCK8, RHEBL1, RAB2B, RIN2, RAPGEF4, DOCK2, RAB8B, RERG, ARL8A, DOCK10, RASD2, RAB39B, DOCK6, ARL5B, DOCK7, RASL10B, CHP1, RASL11B, IFT27, RAB34, RAB1B, DOCK5, RRAGC, RAB6B, ARL8B, NKIRAS1, RGL1, DNAJC27, HACD3, VAV3, RAB21, RAB22A, RAB23, AGAP1, RASD1, MFHAS1, SRPRB, ARL5A

GO:0007265

BP

Ras protein signal transduction

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

SDCBP, NRAS, KRAS, TP53, IGF1, JUN, RB1, FGF2, RRAS, RALA, RALB, CCNA2, CDK2, DNMT1, CDKN1A, CRKL, MAPKAPK2, RRAS2, GNB1, GRB2, SHC2, SOS1, RALGDS, TRIM28, G3BP1, PLD1, PRKD1, DHCR24, MAPK14, RASGRP2, IQGAP3, RAPGEF6, RIT1, SYNGAP1, USP28, DOK1, RASSF1, PLK2, G3BP2

GO:0007266

BP

Rho protein signal transduction

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

RHOD, TAX1BP3, ARHGAP6, ROCK2, PTH, COL1A2, CFL1, AGTR1, BCL6, CDH13, SYNJ2BP, RHOA, RHOB, GNA12, ARHGAP5, MYO9B, ARHGAP29, PHACTR4, RHOJ, ARHGEF3, HACD3, CTNNAL1, CDC42EP3, ADGRG1

GO:0007267

BP

cell-cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

CYR61, ADAM10, NRP1, EREG, DHH, FADS1, GREM1, TUSC2, WISP2, FGF18, MPZL1, WISP1, CXCL14, NUDT3, AGT, NGF, GNRH1, POMC, CGA, LHB, PTH, GHRH, INS, IL1B, C1QA, AMH, PDGFA, ITGB2, INHA, EDN1, PGR, S100A9, ADRB2, INHBA, ADRB1, NMB, WNT2, CCL3, AR, TXN, IAPP, PTHLH, BMP2, BMP3, CCL4, CCL5, ADRB3, AREG, GJA1, ADRA2B, CD33, TRH, IL11, EFNA1, FGFR2, IL10, BDNF, ADRA1D, PCSK1, CTGF, ADORA1, SSTR1, SRD5A2, FGF9, ADM, ADRA1A, ADRA1B, CXCL5, GDF5, NAMPT, GATA4, CD97, PGF, TNFSF10, INSL3, EFNA4, EFNB2, FGF12, TGFB2, GRB2, CCL20, CCL8, CXCL6, CRB1, TNFAIP6, NDP, TEK, PCDH1, BST2, MERTK, KLF10, SEMA3B, SEMA5A, IL18, FAT1, ZYX, CARTPT, CTF1, FJX1, CHST4, ESR2, PCSK5, FGF13, FGF11, FGF14, PANX1, PKP4, GDF15, TOLLIP, ASH1L, STAB1, LNPEP, GUCA1B, ADGRG1, TNFRSF11A

GO:0007268

BP

chemical synaptic transmission

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a neuron, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

SDCBP, DLGAP1, KCNK3, GRM6, CACNA1G, LRP6, GABBR2, GLS, PENK, CNP, PTPRF, SYN1, SYT1, CBLN1, PTPRD, HTR2C, MAPK1, SLC6A1, CHRNA5, SSTR1, GABRA5, HTR7, CTNNB1, SSTR5, GJC1, OPRL1, HTR2B, SLC1A3, SLC1A2, NPTX2, GRIA4, NPBWR1, GLRB, SLC1A6, NPY2R, MTNR1B, PPT1, NOVA1, ATXN3, CACNB3, PLP1, SNAP25, FGF12, DLG4, CDK5, PMP22, APBA1, SLC18A2, KCNA1, GRIN2A, DLG1, UNC119, GPR176, GRM3, NPY5R, CACNA1E, ASIC2, CARTPT, HOMER1, MINK1, SYN2, CEP89, PDE7B, KCNIP2, NRXN1, MYO5A, DTNA, PCDHB9, PCDHB3, PCDHB14

GO:0007269

BP

neurotransmitter secretion

The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium regualated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.

CASK, SNAPIN, SYN1, SYT1, PPT1, SNAP25, STXBP1, VAMP2, APBA1, SLC18A2, PDZD11, SYN2, LIN7B, LIN7C, NRXN1, HRH3

GO:0007270

BP

neuron-neuron synaptic transmission

The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse.

KIF1B, DRD2, PTEN

GO:0007271

BP

synaptic transmission, cholinergic

The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

APOE, CHRM2, CHRNB1, NQO1, CHRM3, CHRNA5, CHRNA7, LYPD1, HRH3

GO:0007274

BP

neuromuscular synaptic transmission

The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.

KIF1B, FCHSD2, CHRNB1, CHRNA5, ETV5, STXBP1, EGR3, DTNA

GO:0007275

BP

multicellular organism development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

CNOT1, WIPF3, HACD1, ENC1, TNFRSF10C, MUSK, HMGB3, EDIL3, EDF1, DIAPH2, MITF, GADD45B, CREG1, RECQL4, WDR47, GADD45G, ZBTB7A, EYA4, ZMYM6, CLPTM1, F2, GNRH1, IGF2, TP53, CSF1R, ZFY, PAEP, BMP1, VCAN, LIF, HIVEP1, ZFX, TNFRSF1B, MAK, RPS4Y1, MMP11, ADRA1D, LMO2, TNFRSF8, GNRHR, HOXA10, HIVEP2, ADRA1B, LTBR, SERPINF1, GPX4, LEPR, HOXA1, MEOX1, PLXNA3, ARHGDIB, AGFG1, HMGA2, EMP1, KLF3, TPI1, DCAF7, ELF3, DAB2, CENPE, ID2, ID3, CREM, NOTCH2, TLE1, CD164, MXD1, MCL1, AES, MN1, BST2, CUX1, CDK13, ZMYM3, DIP2A, PSME4, PCOLCE, ELAVL1, CSRP2, HLF, QRICH1, ODF2, HIVEP3, SFRP5, TMEM198, SFRP4, DPY19L2, SHISA2, LCLAT1, SLCO4C1, TSHZ1, NOTCH2NL, PIWIL4, SPRED1, ZSCAN2, SPATA24, C19orf68, ERC1, TMEFF1, GCNT2, MTURN, MINK1, BANP, TRIML1, LSM14A, TDRD9, PHC3, SPATA20, SLC2A14, FAT3, PAQR8, CHURC1, EDARADD, FAM3C, TNFRSF25, PTP4A1, PBXIP1, CREB3L1, KAZALD1, GMCL1, ST6GAL2, ZFR, STRBP, MNT, APOL2, SPATA9, SPRY4, PDGFD, PDLIM7, TSHZ2, OLFML3, DUSP22, HELLS, MBNL3, ASF1B, PAQR5, DONSON, FMN2, EHF, GRHL1, DSPP, ADAMTS9, THEG, DKK2, ZMYM2, CFDP1, PLEKHB1, DMBT1, LIMD1, DACH1, PLXNA1, ZMYM5, TUBD1, OSGIN1, TCFL5, SUFU, PRELID1, INVS, DRG1, CHST2, RNF114, WIF1, SPIN1, POMT1

GO:0007276

BP

gamete generation

The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.

CTDNEP1, WNT3, SMAD1, SPIN4, FANCD2, ZNF148, SPIN1

GO:0007281

BP

germ cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.

ANGPT2, BMP4, WT1, AKT1, MSH2, ACVR1, BAX, SMAD5, LIN28A

GO:0007283

BP

spermatogenesis

The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

MEIOC, WIPF3, ARNTL, RAD51C, BCL2L11, SPAG9, KHDRBS3, CRTAP, SBF1, PTTG1, APOB, SLC4A2, SERPINA5, ERCC1, AR, KIT, IGF2R, SKIL, ACE, CCNB1, H2AFX, MAK, CNR1, ATP2B4, FSHR, BRD2, YY1, ACVR2A, CALR, KDM5A, CDC25C, SSTR1, HOXA10, DNAJA1, KRT9, NUP62, MLH1, BCL6, RGS2, ADCYAP1R1, ATRX, NOTCH1, SOX9, INSL3, BCAP31, BRCA2, NR0B1, LIMK2, PRKAG1, RAD23B, SOX8, BTG1, UBE2B, PAFAH1B2, CCNA1, CDK16, HSF1, E2F1, HIST1H1A, CREM, TYRO3, MERTK, PRDX4, SMAD4, BIRC3, CCNI, FAM50A, WFDC2, PUM1, ACOX1, PAFAH1B3, RGN, SPA17, TESK1, TRIP13, ARID4B, MORN2, HERC4, ALKBH5, SLCO4C1, SETX, PIWIL4, ZSCAN2, SPATA24, TDRP, SIAH1, ASPM, TDRD9, MNS1, WDR48, SPATA20, KIAA1524, SLC2A14, IFT81, BCL2L2, BAD, TMEM203, RPL39L, DAZAP1, GMCL1, MYCBP, PAIP2, HERPUD2, NDC1, KIFC1, SPATA9, LGR4, TEX15, CADM1, EIF5A2, RACGAP1, SOX17, USP42, PATZ1, SPAG4, PARP11, CYP26B1, DIAPH3, ASF1B, DNAH9, THEG, DUSP13, TUBD1, TCFL5, CDYL, RUVBL1, RNF114, PCYT1B

GO:0007286

BP

spermatid development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

FANCG, DHH, RNF8, KIT, RFX2, SMARCA2, H3F3A, NSUN2, TRIP13, STK11, ODF2, DPY19L2, CEP57, RSPH1, PACRG, QKI, STRBP, CIB1, JAM3, PANK2, SLIRP, IQCG, MKKS, NECTIN3, AFF4

GO:0007288

BP

sperm axoneme assembly

The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.

UBE2B, BBS2, IQCG

GO:0007289

BP

spermatid nucleus differentiation

The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.

HMGB2, AGFG1, TMF1, PYGO2, GOPC

GO:0007292

BP

female gamete generation

Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.

GDF9, DIAPH2, PARN, BMP15, FSHB, FSHR, DYNLL1, TOB2, MCM8

GO:0007296

BP

vitellogenesis

The production of yolk. Yolk is a mixture of materials used for embryonic nutrition.

FOSL1, SOS1, ZMIZ1

GO:0007338

BP

single fertilization

The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

UBXN8, DNALI1, CLGN, ADCY3, AR, CD46, HOXD10, HOXA10, GNPDA1, FOXL2, H3F3A, MFGE8, LRMP, SMAD4, TRPC3, SPA17, WDR48, TUBGCP3, SLIRP, KDM5B, FETUB, ADAM21, TRPC6

GO:0007339

BP

binding of sperm to zona pellucida

The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.

CLGN, B4GALT1, TCP1, ZP3, SPAM1, CCT3, CCT8, ZP1, CCT2, SPA17, CCT7, FETUB, ADAM21

GO:0007340

BP

acrosome reaction

The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the egg.

ADCY3, STX2, GLRB

GO:0007341

BP

penetration of zona pellucida

The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.

B4GALT1

GO:0007342

BP

fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane

The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head.

SERPINA5, CD9, SPAM1

GO:0007344

BP

pronuclear fusion

The merging of two pronuclei in a fertilized egg to fuse and produce a single zygotic genome.

CDK1

GO:0007346

BP

regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.

SDCBP, DAPK3, CDC123, RB1, CKS2, RPA3, CDKN1C, ASCL1, PLK1, SIK1, CKS1B, PTCH1, ZNF268, MAEA, AFAP1L2, NEK7, GBF1, NEK6, CYLD, RPRM, THAP1, AATF, SAE1, FBXO5

GO:0007352

BP

zygotic specification of dorsal/ventral axis

The specification of the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo, through the products of genes expressed in the zygote.

SMAD6, SMAD2

GO:0007354

BP

zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo

The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.

PCSK6

GO:0007356

BP

thorax and anterior abdomen determination

Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.

WT1

GO:0007368

BP

determination of left/right symmetry

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.

AXIN1, TBX1, PSKH1, ACVR2A, PCSK6, NOTCH1, ACVR1, AP1B1, PKD2, ACVR2B, STIL, ARMC4, NPHP3, NEK8, BBS7, DYNC2LI1, DNAH5, PCSK5, DNAH11, DISP1, IFT74, DRC1, PITX2, CITED2, BICC1, MKKS, MKS1, CC2D2A, DNAI1

GO:0007369

BP

gastrulation

A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

DLD, TGFBR2, HIRA, RPS6, RACK1, CUL3, SMAD2, EXT1, NR4A3

GO:0007379

BP

segment specification

The process in which segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes.

HOXA2, MTF2, MAFB

GO:0007386

BP

compartment pattern specification

The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation.

NOTCH1

GO:0007389

BP

pattern specification process

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

MID1, TBX1, GLI2, APC, ZEB1, ZIC1, SOSTDC1, RNF111, SHROOM3, SYNGAP1

GO:0007398

BP

ectoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.

STX2, CTNNB1, NF2, BMPR1A, ZBTB17

GO:0007399

BP

nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

DPYSL4, ENC1, TPP1, DCLK1, RBFOX2, ITM2A, ZEB2, GAS7, SHOX2, SCRG1, CSPG5, GDF11, FGF19, FOS, APOB, INHA, CHRM2, INHBA, FGF2, CXCL1, VEGFA, NDUFV2, CHRM3, MDK, GAL, CBLN1, BDNF, EPHB2, ADORA1, SDHA, STAT3, NBL1, GLRB, PPT1, SMARCA2, SMARCA4, EFNA5, ATXN3, NAGLU, DLX5, HDAC4, PRPS1, FGF12, DLG4, JAG1, SIM1, VLDLR, PURA, NDP, SLC7A5, NRG1, APBA1, NOTCH2, MEF2C, PCDH1, EP300, DLG1, LSAMP, GPM6B, SEMA5A, ARHGEF7, SIM2, DCTN1, HES1, ELAVL3, PPP2R5D, MEF2D, PAFAH1B3, ERBB4, MPPED2, DPYSL2, CTF1, ZNF423, TMEM41B, CPLX2, GPSM1, RBM45, SIAH1, CNTN4, CHERP, NLGN1, ARID1B, CSGALNACT1, PHF10, GPR98, MYLIP, ST8SIA4, DPF3, FGF13, FGF11, FGF14, SMARCC1, SMARCD1, HES6, MARK4, ATOH8, FEZ1, MTR, SIGMAR1, OLFM1, PCDHAC1, SDCBP2, SEMA6A, BEX1, HES4, NRN1, MBNL1, RBFOX1, STMN3, CRIM1, DOK5, CNTN3, MBD5, ATXN10, EVL, MYT1L, INTU, PCDHA7, PCDHA6, PCDHA4, ARHGAP26, IGSF9B, ITM2B, PCDHB3, PCDHA8, PCDHA5, PCDHA3, PCDHA2, PCDHA11, PCDHA10, PCDHA1, PCDHAC2, MAFB, BZW2

GO:0007400

BP

neuroblast fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

ASCL1

GO:0007403

BP

glial cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.

CTNNB1

GO:0007405

BP

neuroblast proliferation

The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.

EML1, PLXNB2, ID4, ASCL1, KCNA1, DAGLB, FRS2, HHIP, RACGAP1, NDE1

GO:0007406

BP

negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.

TGFB1, CTNNA1, KCTD11

GO:0007409

BP

axonogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon.

APBB1, PAK3, FLOT1, ECM2, S100B, APP, CCK, S100A6, CNP, BCL2, NEFH, DRD2, STMN1, OGN, FGFR2, CTNNA2, NOTCH1, NUMB, GSK3B, PTPN11, FMOD, ANK3, PICALM, STK11, PLPPR4, SLITRK4, CNTN4, PARD3, NRCAM, DOCK7, ALS2, EPYC, PARD6B, SPTBN4, SEMA4A, SPAST

GO:0007411

BP

axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

MATN2, CHL1, NRP1, FLRT2, SIAH2, B4GAT1, KIF5C, NRP2, RPS6KA5, KLF7, SLIT2, UNC5C, NRAS, KRAS, NTRK1, FYN, CSF1R, NGFR, GLI2, GLI3, NCAM1, EZR, CREB1, EFNA1, ANOS1, BDNF, LAMA2, MAPK3, MAPK1, EPHB2, OTX2, GPC1, WNT5A, NKX2-1, CXCL12, LHX2, ETV1, EFNA4, EFNB2, EFNA5, EPHA5, EPHB1, DLX5, WNT3, TGFB2, GRB2, RAC1, SPTBN1, PRKCQ, PTK2, SOS1, ANK3, SEMA3B, SMAD4, TUBB3, SEMA3A, NECTIN1, EXT1, DPYSL2, PTPRO, ZNF280D, ZNF280B, SIAH1, CNTN4, ENAH, NR4A3, TNR, APBB2, ROBO3, RANBP9, FEZ1, SEMA3C, SPON2, SPTBN4, SEMA6A, NTN4, ROBO2, B3GNT2, FLRT3, EVL, NRXN1, MAPK8IP3

GO:0007412

BP

axon target recognition

The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.

UCHL1, STXBP1

GO:0007413

BP

axonal fasciculation

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.

NRP1, NCAM2, CNR1, EPHB2, SEMA5A, SEMA3A, CNTN4, NRCAM, CRTAC1, RTN4, CELSR3

GO:0007416

BP

synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.

RAB29, GNPAT, DRD2, BDNF, PTEN, CDK5, NRG1, SDK2, SDK1, NLGN1, DNER, SPOCK2, NRCAM, ADGRL3, FLRT3, NRXN1, PLXND1, FARP1, PCDHB9, PCDHB3, PCDHB14, PCLO

GO:0007417

BP

central nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

RNF103, NCAN, TPP1, DCLK1, PARK2, ADAM23, VNN1, S100B, FYN, LYN, GSTP1, HAPLN1, VCAN, ARSB, TIMP2, PAM, MAL, COX7B, ACVR1B, ZEB1, CSK, NES, ALDH3A2, RCAN1, ATN1, PTEN, ID3, ZBTB16, PAX8, STK4, ASIC2, CASZ1, ANKLE2, AHI1, DNER, NRCAM, BCAN, SERPINI1, NPAS2, SH3GL2, B3GNT5, WWP1, ELP3, ROBO2, PDGFC, VNN3, CHD7, HPCAL4, JRKL

GO:0007418

BP

ventral midline development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate.

GLI2

GO:0007420

BP

brain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

MACROD2, EML1, KCNK3, PLXNB2, PHGDH, NDUFS4, BCL2L11, TSPAN2, CTNND1, TULP3, CLN5, UNC5C, MBD3, CST3, APOD, SCT, EGR2, BCR, XRCC5, STMN1, ARF4, EPOR, ATP2B1, S1PR1, SYT1, CD9, PTPRG, FAS, MT3, CD27, AK4, SMARCA1, GABRA5, TGFBR2, ID1, CSK, NKX2-1, NES, STAR, SEPP1, AGTR2, HNMT, PPT1, BRCA2, AFF2, HRSP12, FOXG1, OXCT1, BID, ATP6V0D1, PAFAH1B2, PRKDC, H3F3A, HMGCS1, PTPN11, DLX2, FOXC1, ABR, PTCH1, SHROOM2, BMPR2, COX17, POU6F1, RAB3GAP1, PAFAH1B3, ZFHX3, ZIC1, PFKFB3, NIPBL, CNTN4, BBS7, TMEM57, PCDH19, PROX1, CITED1, PYGO2, CADM1, B3GNT5, ZNF335, ROBO2, CHD8, PCDH18, ABCB6, DDIT4, SPHK1, H2AFY2, CDH22, NDRG4, BOK, SLC7A11, IRS2, ADGRG1

GO:0007422

BP

peripheral nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.

ERBB2, EGR2, ERBB3, ALDH3A2, SOX8, PMP22, NRG1, EGR3, ASIC2, SERPINI1

GO:0007423

BP

sensory organ development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

MAFB

GO:0007431

BP

salivary gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.

CST3

GO:0007435

BP

salivary gland morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.

EGFR, TGFB1, TGFB2

GO:0007440

BP

foregut morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.

NOTCH1

GO:0007442

BP

hindgut morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.

GLI2, GLI3, WNT5A

GO:0007492

BP

endoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.

TGFB1, LAMC1, GATA4, NKX2-1, NOTCH1, SMAD3, HHEX, SMAD4, EXT1, ARC, MED12

GO:0007493

BP

endodermal cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.

GATA6, SOX17

GO:0007494

BP

midgut development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.

DAB1, ALDH1A2, EGFR, ASS1, WNT5A

GO:0007498

BP

mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.

TBX1, JAK2, GDF11, CTDNEP1, ETS2, VEGFA, ACVR2A, TIE1, LHX2, IRX3, TCF15, IKZF1, SMAD4, ACVR2B, EXT1, MEST, SECTM1

GO:0007500

BP

mesodermal cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.

KLF4, BMP4

GO:0007501

BP

mesodermal cell fate specification

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

EYA2

GO:0007506

BP

gonadal mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.

AMH, ZFPM2

GO:0007507

BP

heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

SH3PXD2B, TBX1, SHOX2, MICAL2, HEXIM1, FGF19, MBD3, PDGFB, TGFB1, COL3A1, RBP4, RAF1, ERBB2, EDN1, TH, SPARC, GLI2, GLI3, MTHFD1, PSKH1, PCNA, BMP2, TDGF1, GYS1, GJA1, PAM, EPOR, TNNI3, WT1, ERBB3, EDNRA, ITGA3, CAD, LOX, GNA11, OXTR, SRI, ADM, FBN1, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, PPARG, ID1, ECE1, CRKL, NOTCH1, TSC2, GNAQ, OXCT1, PTEN, FGF12, TGFB2, CXADR, PRKDC, PKD1, MEF2A, ID3, MAP2K1, TEK, PPARD, PTPN11, MEF2C, SOX4, ZFP36L1, PPARA, EP300, AP1B1, AKAP13, FOXC1, MAP2K5, GAB1, PKD2, ACVR2B, CACNA1C, COX17, POU6F1, NFATC4, ERBB4, RPS6KA2, ARMC4, JMJD6, NEK8, ADIPOR2, BVES, OSR1, RB1CC1, DNAH5, PCSK5, MED12, DNAH11, IFT74, DRC1, PKP2, CITED2, HOPX, TCF25, ADAM19, BICC1, ADAP2, MKKS, FLRT3, CC2D2A, TRPS1, HDAC9, HSPB11

GO:0007512

BP

adult heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

BMP10, GJA1, ADRA1A, MEF2D, SCUBE1, CHD7

GO:0007517

BP

muscle organ development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.

CHD2, MSTN, TBX1, USP2, CRYAB, IGF1, DMD, COL6A3, XBP1, CAPN3, LAMA2, SRI, SOX6, CENPF, EMD, ETV1, FXR1, SMTN, EVC, FOXK1, FOXO4, TAGLN, MEF2A, ID3, CD164, MEF2C, EGR3, FHL1, MEF2D, POU6F1, TEAD4, TWIST1, ZFHX3, SGCB, CTF1, KMT5B, AEBP1, EID2, BVES, SGCD, SGCZ, HBEGF, TCF12, CHODL, ITGA11, MKL2, PAXBP1

GO:0007518

BP

myoblast fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

IFRD1

GO:0007519

BP

skeletal muscle tissue development

The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.

FOXP2, CFLAR, CCNT2, SIN3B, FLNB, DCN, MYL6B, NR2F2, HOXD10, MYL6, CDK5, CAV1, MEF2C, EP300, MAPK14, BVES

GO:0007520

BP

myoblast fusion

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

ADAM12, MYH9, GSK3B, PLEKHO1, PITX2

GO:0007521

BP

muscle cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.

MEF2C

GO:0007528

BP

neuromuscular junction development

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.

MUSK, NRDC, ERBB2, TNC, CACNB3, ANK3, NTRK2, ALS2, PDZRN3