Search Geneontologies

Geneontologies

GO ID Ontology GO Term Term Definition Proteins

GO:0072075

BP

metanephric mesenchyme development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of metanephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.

PDGFRB, WT1, PKD2, OSR1

GO:0072079

BP

nephron tubule formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.

CTNNB1, WNT6

GO:0072086

BP

specification of loop of Henle identity

The process in which the loop of Henle of the kidney nephron acquires its identity.

IRX3

GO:0072089

BP

stem cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

NES

GO:0072091

BP

regulation of stem cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

HMGB2, NF2, YAP1, ZFP36L1, SOX17

GO:0072097

BP

negative regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching by BMP signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor resulting in the reduction of the frequency, rate or extent of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching, the growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.

BMP4

GO:0072101

BP

specification of ureteric bud anterior/posterior symmetry by BMP signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in the establishment of the ureteric bud such that there is a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts along its anterior/posterior axis.

BMP4

GO:0072102

BP

glomerulus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the glomerulus are generated and organized. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.

MTSS1, MEF2C

GO:0072104

BP

glomerular capillary formation

The process that gives rise to a glomerular capillary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.

BMP4

GO:0072108

BP

positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.

LIF, PAX8

GO:0072110

BP

glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of glomerular mesangial cells, resulting in the expansion of the population.

EGR1

GO:0072111

BP

cell proliferation involved in kidney development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the kidney.

OSR1

GO:0072112

BP

glomerular visceral epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains feet that interdigitate with the feet of other glomerular epithelial cells.

WT1, CD24, PTPRO, KLF15

GO:0072125

BP

negative regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

BMP4

GO:0072126

BP

positive regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

PDGFB, PDGFD

GO:0072133

BP

metanephric mesenchyme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.

SMAD4, OSR1

GO:0072134

BP

nephrogenic mesenchyme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephrogenic mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron.

SMAD4

GO:0072138

BP

mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureteric bud development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureteric bud, that contributes to ureteric bud development.

BMP2, BMP4

GO:0072139

BP

glomerular parietal epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.

CD24

GO:0072141

BP

renal interstitial fibroblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a renal interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

HES1

GO:0072143

BP

mesangial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

OSR1

GO:0072144

BP

glomerular mesangial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

NOTCH1, ACTA2

GO:0072156

BP

distal tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a distal tubule are generated and organized. The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.

KLHL3

GO:0072160

BP

nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

MTSS1, MEF2C

GO:0072161

BP

mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in kidney development

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

BMP4

GO:0072162

BP

metanephric mesenchymal cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

TCF21, OSR1

GO:0072164

BP

mesonephric tubule development

The progression of a mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.

PKD1, PKD2

GO:0072166

BP

posterior mesonephric tubule development

The progression of the posterior mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The posterior mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.

WT1, OSR1

GO:0072168

BP

specification of anterior mesonephric tubule identity

The process in which the tubules of the anterior mesonephros acquire their identity.

OSR1

GO:0072169

BP

specification of posterior mesonephric tubule identity

The process in which the tubules of the posterior mesonephros acquire their identity.

OSR1

GO:0072173

BP

metanephric tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.

CXCR2

GO:0072177

BP

mesonephric duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.

PKD1, PKD2

GO:0072178

BP

nephric duct morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.

EFNB2, EPHA4

GO:0072180

BP

mesonephric duct morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric duct are generated and organized. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.

OSR1

GO:0072182

BP

regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

CTNNB1

GO:0072183

BP

negative regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

OSR1

GO:0072184

BP

renal vesicle progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the renal vesicle progenitor cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. A renal vesicle progenitor cell is a cell that will give rise to terminally differentiated cells of the renal vesicle without self-renewing.

OSR1

GO:0072189

BP

ureter development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.

NPHP3

GO:0072190

BP

ureter urothelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urothelium of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urothelium is an epithelium that makes up the epithelial tube of the ureter.

SOX9, OSR1

GO:0072192

BP

ureter epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell in the urothelium. The urothelium is the epithelial tube of the ureter.

BMP4

GO:0072193

BP

ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell in the ureter.

BMP4, SOX9

GO:0072197

BP

ureter morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

SOX9, SOX8

GO:0072198

BP

mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureter, that contributes to ureter development.

BMP4

GO:0072200

BP

negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

BMP4

GO:0072201

BP

negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

LMNA, WNT5A

GO:0072202

BP

cell differentiation involved in metanephros development

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.

LGR4

GO:0072203

BP

cell proliferation involved in metanephros development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the metanephros.

PTCH1

GO:0072205

BP

metanephric collecting duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.

BMP4, AQP2, PKD1, DLG5

GO:0072207

BP

metanephric epithelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.

WT1, PAX8, OSR1

GO:0072208

BP

metanephric smooth muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

PKD2, OSR1

GO:0072214

BP

metanephric cortex development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros.

PKD2

GO:0072218

BP

metanephric ascending thin limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.

PKD1, PKD2

GO:0072219

BP

metanephric cortical collecting duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex.

PKD2

GO:0072221

BP

metanephric distal convoluted tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is the first segment of the metanephric nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa. Among other functions, in humans it is responsible for the reabsorption of about 5% of filtered sodium via the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl symporter.

PAX8

GO:0072224

BP

metanephric glomerulus development

The progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.

LGR4

GO:0072234

BP

metanephric nephron tubule development

The progression of a metanephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.

OSR1

GO:0072235

BP

metanephric distal tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.

PKD2

GO:0072237

BP

metanephric proximal tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.

PKD1

GO:0072239

BP

metanephric glomerulus vasculature development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the metanephric glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus.

OSR1

GO:0072255

BP

metanephric glomerular mesangial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

PDGFB

GO:0072259

BP

metanephric interstitial fibroblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

OSR1

GO:0072262

BP

metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation involved in metanephros development

The multiplication or reproduction of glomerular mesangial cells in the metanephros, resulting in the expansion of the population.

PDGFRB

GO:0072268

BP

pattern specification involved in metanephros development

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the metanephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

OSR1

GO:0072277

BP

metanephric glomerular capillary formation

The process that gives rise to a metanephric glomerular capillary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.

TCF21, PDGFRB, PDGFRA

GO:0072278

BP

metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis

The process in which the metanephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.

PDGFRB, PAX8

GO:0072282

BP

metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.

HES1, LGR4

GO:0072284

BP

metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis

The process in which the metanephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.

PDGFRB, WT1, PAX8, PKD2

GO:0072287

BP

metanephric distal tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric distal tubule are generated and organized. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.

PKD1

GO:0072289

BP

metanephric nephron tubule formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the metanephros.

SOX9, SOX8, PAX8

GO:0072300

BP

positive regulation of metanephric glomerulus development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephric glomerulus development, the progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.

AGTR2

GO:0072302

BP

negative regulation of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

WT1

GO:0072303

BP

positive regulation of glomerular metanephric mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.

EGR1

GO:0072305

BP

negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis

Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.

PAX8

GO:0072307

BP

regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.

LIF, YAP1, PAX8

GO:0072321

BP

chaperone-mediated protein transport

The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, mediated by chaperone molecules that bind to the transported proteins.

TOR1A

GO:0072332

BP

intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

TP53, DDX5, HINT1, FHIT, E2F1, BAX, TP53BP2, PMAIP1, E2F2, STK11, IFI16, ZNF385B, ZMAT1, PERP, MYBBP1A, PYCARD, BOK

GO:0072334

BP

UDP-galactose transmembrane transport

The directed movement of UDP-galactose across a membrane into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

SLC35A2

GO:0072344

BP

rescue of stalled ribosome

A process of translational elongation that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, and results in freeing the ribosome from the stalled translation complex.

ICT1, C12orf65

GO:0072355

BP

histone H3-T3 phosphorylation

The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an phosphate group to a threonine residue at position 3 of the histone.

VRK1

GO:0072358

BP

cardiovascular system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiovascular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiovascular system is the anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.

NDUFS6

GO:0072362

BP

regulation of glycolytic process by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

NCOR1

GO:0072363

BP

regulation of glycolytic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

PPARA

GO:0072365

BP

regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular ketone metabolic process by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

NCOR2

GO:0072366

BP

regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular ketone metabolic process by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

PPARA

GO:0072368

BP

regulation of lipid transport by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport by stopping, preventing, or reducing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

NCOR1, SREBF2

GO:0072369

BP

regulation of lipid transport by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid transport by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

PPARA

GO:0072377

BP

blood coagulation, common pathway

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of events leading from the formation of activated factor X to the formation of active thrombin, the cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin, and the formation of cleaved fibrin into a stable multimeric, cross-linked complex.

FGA

GO:0072378

BP

blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.

FGA, FGB, FGG, FBLN1

GO:0072383

BP

plus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a vesicle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.

KIF23, KIFAP3, KIF3A

GO:0072384

BP

organelle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.

CDC42, ARHGAP21, LOH12CR1, COPG1

GO:0072385

BP

minus-end-directed organelle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of an organelle towards the minus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.

BICD2, BICD1

GO:0072389

BP

flavin adenine dinucleotide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of flavin adenine dinucleotide, which acts as a coenzyme or prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.

VCP

GO:0072393

BP

microtubule anchoring at microtubule organizing center

Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a microtubule organizing center.

BICD2, BICD1

GO:0072422

BP

signal transduction involved in DNA damage checkpoint

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.

CDC5L, PRPF19

GO:0072429

BP

response to intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling.

FBXO18, EME1

GO:0072431

BP

signal transduction involved in mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint

A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint.

PRKDC

GO:0072488

BP

ammonium transmembrane transport

The directed movement of ammonium across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ammonium is the cation NH4+.

SLC22A1, SLC12A2, RHBG

GO:0072498

BP

embryonic skeletal joint development

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal joints over time, from formation to mature structure.

EXT1, OSR1

GO:0072513

BP

positive regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).

GNG5

GO:0072520

BP

seminiferous tubule development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa.

AR, ATRX, SMAD4, KIF18A, WDR48, ADGRG1