BP

GO:0001934

positive regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

IDA|ISS

BP

GO:0001956

positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.

ISS

BP

GO:0002695

negative regulation of leukocyte activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.

IDA

BP

GO:0006954

inflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.

IEA

BP

GO:0007049

cell cycle

The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.

IEA

BP

GO:0007186

G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576).

IMP

BP

GO:0007204

positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.

ISS

BP

GO:0008284

positive regulation of cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

IMP

BP

GO:0008285

negative regulation of cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

ISS

BP

GO:0010579

positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway.

IDA

BP

GO:0010628

positive regulation of gene expression

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

IMP|ISS

BP

GO:0010629

negative regulation of gene expression

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

IMP|ISS

BP

GO:0010948

negative regulation of cell cycle process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.

IMP

BP

GO:0014068

positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

IDA

BP

GO:0019228

neuronal action potential

An action potential that occurs in a neuron.

ISS

BP

GO:0030263

apoptotic chromosome condensation

The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.

ISS

BP

GO:0030264

nuclear fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change

The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA.

ISS

BP

GO:0030335

positive regulation of cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

IMP

BP

GO:0030518

intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a intracellular steroid hormone receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

IDA

BP

GO:0030819

positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

IDA

BP

GO:0031959

mineralocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a mineralocorticoid binding to its receptor.

IEA

BP

GO:0032024

positive regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.

ISS

BP

GO:0032962

positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.

IDA

BP

GO:0043065

positive regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

ISS

BP

GO:0043280

positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.

ISS

BP

GO:0043401

steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.

IDA

BP

GO:0043410

positive regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.

ISS

BP

GO:0045087

innate immune response

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

IEA

BP

GO:0045599

negative regulation of fat cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.

ISS

BP

GO:0045742

positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

IDA

BP

GO:0045745

positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity.

IDA

BP

GO:0045909

positive regulation of vasodilation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasodilation.

ISS

BP

GO:0045944

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IDA|ISS

BP

GO:0050728

negative regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

IDA

BP

GO:0050769

positive regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons.

ISS

BP

GO:0051053

negative regulation of DNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.

ISS

BP

GO:0051055

negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.

ISS

BP

GO:0051281

positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.

IDA

BP

GO:0051480

regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings.

ISS

BP

GO:0051898

negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

IMP

BP

GO:0070373

negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

IMP

BP

GO:0070374

positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

IDA|ISS

BP

GO:0070474

positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.

IDA

BP

GO:0071157

negative regulation of cell cycle arrest

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cell cycle arrest, the process in which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases.

ISS

BP

GO:0071333

cellular response to glucose stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.

ISS

BP

GO:0071356

cellular response to tumor necrosis factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.

IDA

BP

GO:0071375

cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

IDA

BP

GO:0071389

cellular response to mineralocorticoid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.

ISS

BP

GO:0071392

cellular response to estradiol stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

IDA

BP

GO:0090004

positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the plasma membrane.

IDA

BP

GO:0090200

positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.

ISS

BP

GO:1904706

negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

IMP

BP

GO:2000353

positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.

ISS

BP

GO:2000724

positive regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.

IMP

BP

GO:2001238

positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

ISS

CC

GO:0000139

Golgi membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

IEA

CC

GO:0005622

intracellular

The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.

ISS

CC

GO:0005634

nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

IDA

CC

GO:0005635

nuclear envelope

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).

IDA

CC

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

ISS

CC

GO:0005769

early endosome

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.

IDA

CC

GO:0005783

endoplasmic reticulum

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

IDA

CC

GO:0005789

endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

IEA

CC

GO:0005794

Golgi apparatus

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

IDA

CC

GO:0005802

trans-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.

IDA

CC

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

IDA|TAS

CC

GO:0005887

integral component of plasma membrane

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

TAS

CC

GO:0014069

postsynaptic density

The postsynaptic density is a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at an excitatory synapse. It forms an electron-dense disc that consists of a range of proteins with different functions, some of which contact the cytoplasmic domains of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. The proteins making up the disc include structural proteins linked to the actin cytoskeleton and signalling machinery, such as protein kinases and phosphatases.

ISS

CC

GO:0030054

cell junction

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

IEA

CC

GO:0030424

axon

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

ISS

CC

GO:0030425

dendrite

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

ISS

CC

GO:0030659

cytoplasmic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.

IDA

CC

GO:0031966

mitochondrial membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.

ISS

CC

GO:0032591

dendritic spine membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendritic spine.

ISS

CC

GO:0042734

presynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.

ISS

CC

GO:0043198

dendritic shaft

Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.

ISS

CC

GO:0043679

axon terminus

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.

ISS

CC

GO:0044327

dendritic spine head

Distal part of the dendritic spine, that carries the post-synaptic density.

ISS

CC

GO:0045095

keratin filament

A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins.

IDA

CC

GO:0048471

perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

IDA

CC

GO:0048786

presynaptic active zone

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.

ISS

CC

GO:0055037

recycling endosome

An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.

IDA

MF

GO:0003682

chromatin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

IDA

MF

GO:0004930

G-protein coupled receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

IEA

MF

GO:0005496

steroid binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.

IDA

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0017082

mineralocorticoid receptor activity

Combining with a mineralocorticoid and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.

ISS

MF

GO:0030284

estrogen receptor activity

Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal within the cell to trigger a change in cell activity or function.

IDA

MF

GO:1990239

steroid hormone binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a steroid hormone.

IDA