BP

GO:0007165

signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0007186

G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576).

TAS

BP

GO:0007188

adenylate cyclase-modulating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

IBA

BP

GO:0007631

feeding behavior

Behavior associated with the intake of food.

TAS

BP

GO:0008283

cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

TAS

BP

GO:0010737

protein kinase A signaling

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.

IBA

BP

GO:0010800

positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.

IEA

BP

GO:0030819

positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).

IEA

BP

GO:0032092

positive regulation of protein binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

IEA

BP

GO:0033138

positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.

IEA

BP

GO:0035774

positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.

IBA

BP

GO:0035948

positive regulation of gluconeogenesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IEA

BP

GO:0042594

response to starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.

IBA

BP

GO:0043066

negative regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

IBA

BP

GO:0045860

positive regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.

IEA

BP

GO:0050796

regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.

TAS

BP

GO:0051571

positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.

IEA

BP

GO:0070374

positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

IEA

BP

GO:0071377

cellular response to glucagon stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.

TAS

BP

GO:0090280

positive regulation of calcium ion import

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.

IEA

BP

GO:1900118

negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.

IEA

BP

GO:2001243

negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.

IEA

CC

GO:0005576

extracellular region

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

TAS

CC

GO:0005615

extracellular space

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

IBA

CC

GO:0005788

endoplasmic reticulum lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.

TAS

CC

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

TAS

CC

GO:0034774

secretory granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a secretory granule.

TAS

MF

GO:0005102

receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

TAS

MF

GO:0005179

hormone activity

The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.

IBA

MF

GO:0031769

glucagon receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a glucagon receptor.

IBA

MF

GO:0042802

identical protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.

IPI