BP

GO:0000165

MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0002091

negative regulation of receptor internalization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.

ISS

BP

GO:0006461

protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex.

IDA

BP

GO:0007165

signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0007204

positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.

ISS

BP

GO:0007268

chemical synaptic transmission

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a neuron, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

TAS

BP

GO:0007399

nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

TAS

BP

GO:0007612

learning

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.

TAS

BP

GO:0016188

synaptic vesicle maturation

Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle.

ISS

BP

GO:0034220

ion transmembrane transport

A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

IEA

BP

GO:0035176

social behavior

Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.

IEA

BP

GO:0035418

protein localization to synapse

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.

IDA

BP

GO:0035641

locomotory exploration behavior

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment.

IEA

BP

GO:0043547

positive regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.

IEA

BP

GO:0045184

establishment of protein localization

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.

IDA

BP

GO:0045197

establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

IBA

BP

GO:0046037

GMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.

IEA

BP

GO:0046710

GDP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.

IEA

BP

GO:0048169

regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.

ISS

BP

GO:0050806

positive regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.

ISS

BP

GO:0050885

neuromuscular process controlling balance

Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.

IEA

BP

GO:0060997

dendritic spine morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.

ISS

BP

GO:0071625

vocalization behavior

The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.

IEA

BP

GO:0097113

AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.

ISS|TAS

BP

GO:0097120

receptor localization to synapse

Any process in which a receptor is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.

IBA|ISS

BP

GO:2000310

regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.

ISS

BP

GO:2000463

positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential

Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.

ISS

BP

GO:2000821

regulation of grooming behavior

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of grooming behavior.

IEA

CC

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

ISS

CC

GO:0005783

endoplasmic reticulum

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

ISS

CC

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

ISS|TAS

CC

GO:0008021

synaptic vesicle

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.

ISS

CC

GO:0008076

voltage-gated potassium channel complex

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential.

ISS

CC

GO:0008328

ionotropic glutamate receptor complex

A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.

IBA|ISS

CC

GO:0014069

postsynaptic density

The postsynaptic density is a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at an excitatory synapse. It forms an electron-dense disc that consists of a range of proteins with different functions, some of which contact the cytoplasmic domains of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. The proteins making up the disc include structural proteins linked to the actin cytoskeleton and signalling machinery, such as protein kinases and phosphatases.

IBA|ISS

CC

GO:0016323

basolateral plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

IBA

CC

GO:0030054

cell junction

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

ISS

CC

GO:0030666

endocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle.

TAS

CC

GO:0030863

cortical cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.

IDA

CC

GO:0031234

extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

ISS

CC

GO:0032281

AMPA glutamate receptor complex

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.

ISS

CC

GO:0032839

dendrite cytoplasm

All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane.

ISS

CC

GO:0043197

dendritic spine

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including thin, stubby, mushroom, and branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

ISS

CC

GO:0044224

juxtaparanode region of axon

A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.

ISS

CC

GO:0044300

cerebellar mossy fiber

An axon arising from cerebellar projecting cells in the cochlea, vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellar nuclei and basilar pontine nuclei. Mossy fibers enter through all three cerebellar peduncles and send collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then branch in the white matter and terminate in the granule cell layer. Through this branching, a given mossy fiber can innervate several folia. Mossy fibers synapse on granule cells. The synaptic contacts are made at enlargements along the length of the mossy fiber called mossy fiber rosettes. The enlargements of the rosettes give the axons as mossy appearance in Golgi stained preparations.

IEA

CC

GO:0044306

neuron projection terminus

The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite.

ISS

CC

GO:0044309

neuron spine

A small membranous protrusion, often ending in a bulbous head and attached to the neuron by a narrow stalk or neck.

ISS

CC

GO:0045202

synapse

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell; the site of interneuronal communication. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

IDA

CC

GO:0045211

postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

IDA

CC

GO:0060076

excitatory synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

ISS

MF

GO:0004385

guanylate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP.

IBA

MF

GO:0005088

Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.

TAS

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0008022

protein C-terminus binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.

IPI

MF

GO:0015276

ligand-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

TAS

MF

GO:0019900

kinase binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group.

IDA

MF

GO:0019903

protein phosphatase binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein phosphatase.

ISS

MF

GO:0030165

PDZ domain binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins.

ISS

MF

GO:0031697

beta-1 adrenergic receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a beta-1 adrenergic receptor.

ISS

MF

GO:0031748

D1 dopamine receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a D1 dopamine receptor.

ISS

MF

GO:0031812

P2Y1 nucleotide receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a P2Y1 nucleotide receptor.

ISS

MF

GO:0032403

protein complex binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

ISS

MF

GO:0033130

acetylcholine receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an acetylcholine receptor.

ISS

MF

GO:0035255

ionotropic glutamate receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.

IBA|ISS

MF

GO:0097109

neuroligin family protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a member of the neuroligin protein family, neuronal cell surface proteins that mediate synapse formation.

ISS

MF

GO:0097110

scaffold protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes.

ISS