BP

GO:0000122

negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IMP

BP

GO:0001658

branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

IEA

BP

GO:0001771

immunological synapse formation

The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.

IEA

BP

GO:0001935

endothelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.

IDA

BP

GO:0002088

lens development in camera-type eye

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

IEA

BP

GO:0002369

T cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.

IEA

BP

GO:0006470

protein dephosphorylation

The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.

IEA

BP

GO:0007015

actin filament organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

IDA

BP

GO:0007093

mitotic cell cycle checkpoint

A cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.

NAS

BP

GO:0007163

establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

TAS

BP

GO:0007268

chemical synaptic transmission

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a neuron, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

IBA|TAS

BP

GO:0007399

nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

IBA

BP

GO:0008284

positive regulation of cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

IEA

BP

GO:0008360

regulation of cell shape

Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.

IMP

BP

GO:0016032

viral process

A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.

IEA

BP

GO:0016337

single organismal cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism.

IDA

BP

GO:0030432

peristalsis

A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.

IEA

BP

GO:0030838

positive regulation of actin filament polymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.

IEA

BP

GO:0030866

cortical actin cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.

IDA

BP

GO:0030953

astral microtubule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of astral microtubules, any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles.

IMP

BP

GO:0031579

membrane raft organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane rafts, small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.

IEA

BP

GO:0031641

regulation of myelination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.

IEA

BP

GO:0032147

activation of protein kinase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.

IEA

BP

GO:0034220

ion transmembrane transport

A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

IEA

BP

GO:0034629

cellular protein complex localization

A protein complex localization process that takes place at the cellular level; as a result, a protein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within a cell.

IMP

BP

GO:0042110

T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.

IEA

BP

GO:0042130

negative regulation of T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

IEA

BP

GO:0042391

regulation of membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

IDA

BP

GO:0042982

amyloid precursor protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.

IEA

BP

GO:0043113

receptor clustering

The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.

IBA

BP

GO:0043268

positive regulation of potassium ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

IDA

BP

GO:0043622

cortical microtubule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane of a cell.

IMP

BP

GO:0045197

establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

IBA

BP

GO:0045930

negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

IMP

BP

GO:0046037

GMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.

IEA

BP

GO:0046710

GDP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.

IEA

BP

GO:0048608

reproductive structure development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.

IEA

BP

GO:0048704

embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.

IEA

BP

GO:0048745

smooth muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

IEA

BP

GO:0050680

negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.

IEA

BP

GO:0051660

establishment of centrosome localization

The directed movement of the centrosome to a specific location.

IMP

BP

GO:0051898

negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

IEA

BP

GO:0060022

hard palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hard palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes.

IEA

BP

GO:0070373

negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.

IMP

BP

GO:0070830

bicellular tight junction assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.

IDA

BP

GO:0072659

protein localization to plasma membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.

IMP|TAS

BP

GO:0090004

positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the plasma membrane.

IDA

BP

GO:0097120

receptor localization to synapse

Any process in which a receptor is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.

IBA

BP

GO:1902305

regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.

TAS

BP

GO:1903753

negative regulation of p38MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.

IMP

CC

GO:0001772

immunological synapse

An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.

IDA|TAS

CC

GO:0005605

basal lamina

A thin sheet of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, especially laminin, secreted by cells as an extracellular matrix.

IEA

CC

GO:0005634

nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

IDA

CC

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

IDA

CC

GO:0005783

endoplasmic reticulum

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

IDA

CC

GO:0005789

endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

IEA

CC

GO:0005794

Golgi apparatus

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

IDA

CC

GO:0005829

cytosol

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

TAS

CC

GO:0005874

microtubule

Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.

IDA

CC

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

TAS

CC

GO:0005911

cell-cell junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

IDA

CC

GO:0005913

cell-cell adherens junction

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

IDA

CC

GO:0005923

bicellular tight junction

An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.

IDA

CC

GO:0008328

ionotropic glutamate receptor complex

A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.

IBA

CC

GO:0009898

cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

IDA

CC

GO:0014069

postsynaptic density

The postsynaptic density is a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at an excitatory synapse. It forms an electron-dense disc that consists of a range of proteins with different functions, some of which contact the cytoplasmic domains of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. The proteins making up the disc include structural proteins linked to the actin cytoskeleton and signalling machinery, such as protein kinases and phosphatases.

IBA

CC

GO:0014704

intercalated disc

A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.

TAS

CC

GO:0016323

basolateral plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

IDA

CC

GO:0016328

lateral plasma membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.

IEA

CC

GO:0030054

cell junction

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

IDA

CC

GO:0031253

cell projection membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cell surface projection.

IEA

CC

GO:0031594

neuromuscular junction

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

IEA

CC

GO:0033268

node of Ranvier

An axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction is executed.

IEA

CC

GO:0035748

myelin sheath abaxonal region

The region of the myelin sheath furthest from the axon.

IEA

CC

GO:0042383

sarcolemma

The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.

IEA

CC

GO:0043219

lateral loop

Non-compact myelin located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier in a myelin segment. These non-compact regions include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for synthesizing the myelin. Lateral loops are found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier, while Schmidt-Lantermann clefts are analogous structures found within the compact myelin internode.

IEA

CC

GO:0045121

membrane raft

Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.

IEA

CC

GO:0045211

postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

IBA

CC

GO:0048471

perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

IDA

CC

GO:0070062

extracellular exosome

A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

IDA

CC

GO:0097025

MPP7-DLG1-LIN7 complex

A heterotrimeric protein complex formed by the association of MMP7, DLG1 and either LIN7A or LIN7C; regulates the stability and localization of DLG1 to cell junctions.

IDA

MF

GO:0004385

guanylate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP.

TAS

MF

GO:0004721

phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cell proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity.

TAS

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0008022

protein C-terminus binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.

IPI

MF

GO:0008092

cytoskeletal protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).

TAS

MF

GO:0015276

ligand-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

TAS

MF

GO:0015459

potassium channel regulator activity

Modulates the activity of a potassium channel.

IDA|NAS

MF

GO:0019901

protein kinase binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.

IPI

MF

GO:0019902

phosphatase binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any phosphatase.

IPI

MF

GO:0031434

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, any protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase.

IPI

MF

GO:0032947

protein complex scaffold

Functions to provide a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein complex.

IEA

MF

GO:0035255

ionotropic glutamate receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.

IBA

MF

GO:0044325

ion channel binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on an ion channel, a protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.

IPI

MF

GO:0097016

L27 domain binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a L27 domain of a protein. L27 is composed of conserved negatively charged amino acids and a conserved aromatic amino acid. L27 domains can assemble proteins involved in signaling and establishment and maintenance of cell polarity into complexes by interacting in a heterodimeric manner.

IPI

MF

GO:0098641

cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion

Any cadherin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.

IDA