BP

GO:0000186

activation of MAPKK activity

The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).

IEA

BP

GO:0001659

temperature homeostasis

A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.

IEA

BP

GO:0001666

response to hypoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

IEA

BP

GO:0001973

adenosine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.

IEA

BP

GO:0002087

regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process

A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.

IEA

BP

GO:0002674

negative regulation of acute inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.

IEA

BP

GO:0002686

negative regulation of leukocyte migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.

IEA

BP

GO:0002793

positive regulation of peptide secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.

IEA

BP

GO:0003093

regulation of glomerular filtration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.

IEA

BP

GO:0006612

protein targeting to membrane

The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

IEA

BP

GO:0006909

phagocytosis

An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

TAS

BP

GO:0006954

inflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.

TAS

BP

GO:0007165

signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0007193

adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

IEA

BP

GO:0007267

cell-cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

TAS

BP

GO:0007399

nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

TAS

BP

GO:0008285

negative regulation of cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

IEA

BP

GO:0014050

negative regulation of glutamate secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.

IEA

BP

GO:0016042

lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.

IEA

BP

GO:0032229

negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

IEA

BP

GO:0032244

positive regulation of nucleoside transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

IEA

BP

GO:0032900

negative regulation of neurotrophin production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.

IEA

BP

GO:0035307

positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.

IEA

BP

GO:0035814

negative regulation of renal sodium excretion

Any process that decreases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.

IEA

BP

GO:0042323

negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.

IEA

BP

GO:0043066

negative regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

IEA

BP

GO:0043268

positive regulation of potassium ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

IEA

BP

GO:0045741

positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.

IEA

BP

GO:0045776

negative regulation of blood pressure

Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased.

IEA

BP

GO:0045777

positive regulation of blood pressure

Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased.

IEA

BP

GO:0045908

negative regulation of vasodilation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasodilation.

IEA

BP

GO:0046888

negative regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.

IEA

BP

GO:0050890

cognition

The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.

IEA

BP

GO:0050965

detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.

IEA

BP

GO:0050995

negative regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.

IEA

BP

GO:0051930

regulation of sensory perception of pain

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.

IEA

BP

GO:0051967

negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.

IEA

BP

GO:0055118

negative regulation of cardiac muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.

IEA

BP

GO:0060079

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.

IEA

BP

GO:0060087

relaxation of vascular smooth muscle

A process in which the extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction is reduced. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation is mediated via a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.

IEA

BP

GO:0070256

negative regulation of mucus secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.

IEA

BP

GO:0097190

apoptotic signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

TAS

BP

GO:1900453

negative regulation of long term synaptic depression

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.

IEA

CC

GO:0005783

endoplasmic reticulum

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

IEA

CC

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

TAS

CC

GO:0005887

integral component of plasma membrane

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

TAS

CC

GO:0014069

postsynaptic density

The postsynaptic density is a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at an excitatory synapse. It forms an electron-dense disc that consists of a range of proteins with different functions, some of which contact the cytoplasmic domains of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. The proteins making up the disc include structural proteins linked to the actin cytoskeleton and signalling machinery, such as protein kinases and phosphatases.

IEA

CC

GO:0016323

basolateral plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

IEA

CC

GO:0030673

axolemma

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.

IEA

CC

GO:0032279

asymmetric synapse

A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.

IEA

CC

GO:0042734

presynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.

IEA

CC

GO:0043025

neuronal cell body

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

IEA

CC

GO:0043195

terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

IEA

CC

GO:0043197

dendritic spine

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including thin, stubby, mushroom, and branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

IEA

CC

GO:0045211

postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

IEA

CC

GO:0048786

presynaptic active zone

A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.

IEA

MF

GO:0001609

G-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity

Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

IEA

MF

GO:0001664

G-protein coupled receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein coupled receptor.

IEA

MF

GO:0001883

purine nucleoside binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.

IEA

MF

GO:0004629

phospholipase C activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + a phosphatidate.

IEA

MF

GO:0031072

heat shock protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heat shock protein, any protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock.

IEA

MF

GO:0031683

G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a complex of G-protein beta/gamma subunits.

IEA

MF

GO:0032795

heterotrimeric G-protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a heterotrimeric G-protein.

IEA

MF

GO:0046982

protein heterodimerization activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.

IEA