BP

GO:0000302

response to reactive oxygen species

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.

IEA

BP

GO:0000422

mitophagy

The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.

IEA

BP

GO:0001659

temperature homeostasis

A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.

TAS

BP

GO:0001678

cellular glucose homeostasis

A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.

NAS

BP

GO:0001933

negative regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.

IEA

BP

GO:0002021

response to dietary excess

The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.

IEA

BP

GO:0002931

response to ischemia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.

IEA

BP

GO:0006012

galactose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.

IEA

BP

GO:0006094

gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.

NAS

BP

GO:0006355

regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

IDA

BP

GO:0006367

transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.

TAS

BP

GO:0006397

mRNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.

TAS

BP

GO:0006461

protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex.

TAS

BP

GO:0007005

mitochondrion organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.

NAS|TAS

BP

GO:0007568

aging

A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).

IEA

BP

GO:0007586

digestion

The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.

TAS

BP

GO:0007623

circadian rhythm

Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

TAS

BP

GO:0008209

androgen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

IEA

BP

GO:0008380

RNA splicing

The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.

TAS

BP

GO:0009409

response to cold

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.

IEA

BP

GO:0010822

positive regulation of mitochondrion organization

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.

IBA|ISS

BP

GO:0014732

skeletal muscle atrophy

A process, occurring in skeletal muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.

IEA

BP

GO:0014850

response to muscle activity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.

ISS

BP

GO:0014878

response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.

IEA

BP

GO:0014912

negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

IEA

BP

GO:0019395

fatty acid oxidation

The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.

NAS

BP

GO:0021549

cerebellum development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.

IEA

BP

GO:0022904

respiratory electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

ISS

BP

GO:0030521

androgen receptor signaling pathway

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor.

NAS

BP

GO:0030900

forebrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

IEA

BP

GO:0032922

circadian regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

ISS

BP

GO:0034599

cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

ISS

BP

GO:0035066

positive regulation of histone acetylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.

TAS

BP

GO:0035865

cellular response to potassium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0042493

response to drug

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.

IEA

BP

GO:0042594

response to starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.

NAS

BP

GO:0042752

regulation of circadian rhythm

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

ISS

BP

GO:0043201

response to leucine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leucine stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0043524

negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.

ISS

BP

GO:0045333

cellular respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).

TAS

BP

GO:0045722

positive regulation of gluconeogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.

TAS

BP

GO:0045820

negative regulation of glycolytic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.

IEA

BP

GO:0045893

positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

IDA|NAS

BP

GO:0045944

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IDA|ISS

BP

GO:0046321

positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.

TAS

BP

GO:0048661

positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

IEA

BP

GO:0048662

negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

IEA

BP

GO:0050821

protein stabilization

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.

TAS

BP

GO:0050873

brown fat cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.

TAS

BP

GO:0051091

positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.

IDA

BP

GO:0051552

flavone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavones, a class of pigmented plant compounds based on 2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-phenylchromone).

IEA

BP

GO:0060612

adipose tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.

IEA

BP

GO:0071222

cellular response to lipopolysaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

IEA

BP

GO:0071250

cellular response to nitrite

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrate stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071313

cellular response to caffeine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.

IEA

BP

GO:0071332

cellular response to fructose stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071333

cellular response to glucose stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071354

cellular response to interleukin-6

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-6 stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071356

cellular response to tumor necrosis factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071372

cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071392

cellular response to estradiol stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

IEA

BP

GO:0071456

cellular response to hypoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

IEA

BP

GO:0071560

cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071871

response to epinephrine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.

IEA

BP

GO:0071873

response to norepinephrine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.

IEA

BP

GO:0090258

negative regulation of mitochondrial fission

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.

IEA

BP

GO:0097067

cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulus

A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:1901215

negative regulation of neuron death

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death.

IGI

BP

GO:1901558

response to metformin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metformin stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:1901857

positive regulation of cellular respiration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.

IEA

BP

GO:1901860

positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.

IEA

BP

GO:1901863

positive regulation of muscle tissue development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.

IEA

BP

GO:1904635

positive regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.

IEA

BP

GO:1904637

cellular response to ionomycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ionomycin stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:1904639

cellular response to resveratrol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a resveratrol stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:1904640

response to methionine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methionine stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:1990845

adaptive thermogenesis

The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature.

IEA

BP

GO:2000184

positive regulation of progesterone biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone biosynthetic process.

IEA

BP

GO:2000272

negative regulation of receptor activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor activity.

IEA

BP

GO:2000310

regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.

IEA

BP

GO:2000507

positive regulation of energy homeostasis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of energy homeostasis.

ISS

BP

GO:2001171

positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.

ISS

CC

GO:0005634

nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

IDA|ISS|TAS

CC

GO:0005654

nucleoplasm

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

TAS

CC

GO:0005665

DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex

RNA polymerase II, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces mRNAs, snoRNAs, and some of the snRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II contains an essential carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) composed of a variable number of heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS). The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.

TAS

CC

GO:0005719

nuclear euchromatin

The dispersed less dense form of chromatin in the interphase nucleus. It exists in at least two forms, a some being in the form of transcriptionally active chromatin which is the least condensed, while the rest is inactive euchromatin which is more condensed than active chromatin but less condensed than heterochromatin.

IEA

CC

GO:0016605

PML body

A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.

IEA

CC

GO:0022626

cytosolic ribosome

A ribosome located in the cytosol.

IEA

CC

GO:0043025

neuronal cell body

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

IEA

CC

GO:0097440

apical dendrite

A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon.

IEA

CC

GO:1990843

subsarcolemmal mitochondrion

A mitochondrion that occurs adjacent to the sarcolemma in striated muscle cells and responds in distinct ways to physiological triggers.

IEA

CC

GO:1990844

interfibrillar mitochondrion

A mitochondrion that occurs in between fibrils of striated muscle cells and responds in distinct ways to physiological triggers.

IEA

MF

GO:0000166

nucleotide binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.

IEA

MF

GO:0001104

RNA polymerase II transcription cofactor activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery.

TAS

MF

GO:0003677

DNA binding

Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

ISS|TAS

MF

GO:0003713

transcription coactivator activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

IDA

MF

GO:0003723

RNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.

TAS

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0008134

transcription factor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.

TAS

MF

GO:0016922

ligand-dependent nuclear receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a ligand dependent manner, with a nuclear receptor protein.

IPI

MF

GO:0030331

estrogen receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an estrogen receptor.

IEA

MF

GO:0030374

ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity

The function of a transcription cofactor that activates transcription in conjuction with a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor from a RNA polymerase II promoter; does not bind DNA itself.

IDA

MF

GO:0031490

chromatin DNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA that is assembled into chromatin.

ISS

MF

GO:0031625

ubiquitin protein ligase binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.

IPI

MF

GO:0042975

peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, alpha, beta or gamma.

IEA

MF

GO:0043014

alpha-tubulin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin.

IEA

MF

GO:0043565

sequence-specific DNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.

IDA

MF

GO:0050681

androgen receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an androgen receptor.

NAS

MF

GO:1990841

promoter-specific chromatin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a section of chromatin that is associated with gene promoter sequences of DNA.

IEA