BP

GO:0001843

neural tube closure

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.

IEA

BP

GO:0006367

transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. Promoter clearance, or release, is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.

IDA|TAS

BP

GO:0007492

endoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.

IEA

BP

GO:0007507

heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

IEA

BP

GO:0014003

oligodendrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.

IEA

BP

GO:0014044

Schwann cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.

IEA

BP

GO:0016567

protein ubiquitination

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.

IEA

BP

GO:0019827

stem cell population maintenance

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.

IEA

BP

GO:0021510

spinal cord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.

IEA

BP

GO:0030178

negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.

IMP

BP

GO:0030518

intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a intracellular steroid hormone receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

IDA

BP

GO:0030521

androgen receptor signaling pathway

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor.

IDA

BP

GO:0036342

post-anal tail morphogenesis

The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.

IEA

BP

GO:0045893

positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

IDA

BP

GO:0045944

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IDA

BP

GO:0048702

embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain.

IEA

BP

GO:0060070

canonical Wnt signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.

IEA

BP

GO:0060071

Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.

IEA

BP

GO:0090245

axis elongation involved in somitogenesis

The developmental growth that results in the elongation of the rostral-caudal axis that contributes to somitogenesis.

IEA

BP

GO:1990403

embryonic brain development

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

IEA

CC

GO:0000151

ubiquitin ligase complex

A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.

IEA

CC

GO:0005634

nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

IDA

CC

GO:0005654

nucleoplasm

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

IDA|TAS

CC

GO:0005730

nucleolus

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.

IDA

CC

GO:0005813

centrosome

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

IDA

CC

GO:0016020

membrane

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

IDA

CC

GO:0016592

mediator complex

A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The mediator complex is required for activation of transcription of most protein-coding genes, but can also act as a transcriptional corepressor. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.

IDA

MF

GO:0000980

RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA polymerase II (Pol II) distal enhancer. In mammalian cells, enhancers are distal sequences that increase the utilization of some promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the core promoter.

IEA

MF

GO:0001104

RNA polymerase II transcription cofactor activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery.

IDA

MF

GO:0001105

RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery.

IBA

MF

GO:0003682

chromatin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

IEA

MF

GO:0003712

transcription cofactor activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a regulatory transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

IDA

MF

GO:0003713

transcription coactivator activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a activating transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

IDA

MF

GO:0004872

receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.

IDA

MF

GO:0008013

beta-catenin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the beta subunit of the catenin complex.

IEA

MF

GO:0008022

protein C-terminus binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a protein C-terminus, the end of any peptide chain at which the 1-carboxy function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.

IPI

MF

GO:0019904

protein domain specific binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific domain of a protein.

IPI

MF

GO:0030374

ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity

The function of a transcription cofactor that activates transcription in conjuction with a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor from a RNA polymerase II promoter; does not bind DNA itself.

NAS

MF

GO:0042809

vitamin D receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the vitamin D receptor, a nuclear receptor that mediates the action of vitamin D by binding DNA and controlling the transcription of hormone-sensitive genes.

NAS

MF

GO:0046966

thyroid hormone receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a thyroid hormone receptor.

IDA

MF

GO:0061630

ubiquitin protein ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S --> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate. Note that this may include the extension of ubiquitin chains.

IEA