BP

GO:0001508

action potential

A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.

TAS

BP

GO:0006508

proteolysis

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

IBA

BP

GO:0006810

transport

The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein.

TAS

BP

GO:0006816

calcium ion transport

The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

IEA

BP

GO:0006880

intracellular sequestering of iron ion

The process of binding or confining iron ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.

TAS

BP

GO:0006942

regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.

TAS

BP

GO:0007165

signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0007507

heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

IEA

BP

GO:0007517

muscle organ development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.

TAS

BP

GO:0008016

regulation of heart contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.

TAS

BP

GO:0010459

negative regulation of heart rate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.

IMP

BP

GO:0010649

regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

TAS

BP

GO:0010880

regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.

TAS

BP

GO:0035774

positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.

IEA

BP

GO:0042994

cytoplasmic sequestering of transcription factor

The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.

IEA

BP

GO:0051281

positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.

IEA

BP

GO:0051924

regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

IMP

BP

GO:0060315

negative regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

Any process that decreases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.

IDA

BP

GO:0086004

regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction.

IMP

BP

GO:1901077

regulation of relaxation of muscle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.

IMP

BP

GO:1901841

regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.

IMP

BP

GO:1901844

regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction.

IMP

BP

GO:2000678

negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.

IEA

CC

GO:0005654

nucleoplasm

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

IDA

CC

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

IDA|TAS

CC

GO:0005739

mitochondrion

A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.

IEA

CC

GO:0005789

endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

IDA

CC

GO:0005790

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.

IEA

CC

GO:0005829

cytosol

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

IDA

CC

GO:0016020

membrane

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

IDA

CC

GO:0016529

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.

TAS

CC

GO:0030018

Z disc

Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.

IDA

CC

GO:0030315

T-tubule

Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.

TAS

CC

GO:0033017

sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

IEA

CC

GO:0042584

chromaffin granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

IDA

CC

GO:0043679

axon terminus

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.

IEA

CC

GO:0044326

dendritic spine neck

Part of the dendritic spine that connects the dendritic shaft to the head of the dendritic spine.

IEA

CC

GO:0070062

extracellular exosome

A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

IDA

MF

GO:0002020

protease binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase.

IPI

MF

GO:0004198

calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism using a cysteine residue at the enzyme active center, and requiring the presence of calcium.

IBA

MF

GO:0005102

receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

TAS

MF

GO:0005246

calcium channel regulator activity

Modulates the activity of a calcium channel.

TAS

MF

GO:0005509

calcium ion binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+).

IDA

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0044325

ion channel binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on an ion channel, a protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.

TAS

MF

GO:0046982

protein heterodimerization activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.

IPI

MF

GO:0070491

repressing transcription factor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription repressor, any protein whose activity is required to prevent or downregulate transcription.

IEA