BP

GO:0006281

DNA repair

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.

IEA

BP

GO:0006306

DNA methylation

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.

TAS

BP

GO:0006310

DNA recombination

Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.

TAS

BP

GO:0006334

nucleosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.

IDA

BP

GO:0006336

DNA replication-independent nucleosome assembly

The formation of nucleosomes outside the context of DNA replication.

IMP

BP

GO:0006338

chromatin remodeling

Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation.

IDA

BP

GO:0006351

transcription, DNA-templated

The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.

IEA

BP

GO:0006355

regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

TAS

BP

GO:0007283

spermatogenesis

The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

IEA

BP

GO:0010571

positive regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.

ISS

BP

GO:0016569

chromatin modification

The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin by the covalent addition or removal of chemical groups.

IEA

BP

GO:0030330

DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.

ISS

BP

GO:0030900

forebrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

IEA

BP

GO:0031297

replication fork processing

The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes.

ISS

BP

GO:0032206

positive regulation of telomere maintenance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.

ISS

BP

GO:0032508

DNA duplex unwinding

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.

IEA

BP

GO:0035128

post-embryonic forelimb morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an organism.

IEA

BP

GO:0035264

multicellular organism growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.

IEA

BP

GO:0045944

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IMP

BP

GO:0060009

Sertoli cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.

IEA

BP

GO:0070198

protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the telomeric region of a chromosome.

ISS

BP

GO:0072520

seminiferous tubule development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa.

IEA

BP

GO:0072711

cellular response to hydroxyurea

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.

ISS

BP

GO:1900112

regulation of histone H3-K9 trimethylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histone H3-K9 trimethylation.

IMP

BP

GO:1901581

negative regulation of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.

ISS

BP

GO:1901582

positive regulation of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric RNA transcription from RNA pol II promoter.

IMP

BP

GO:1904908

negative regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric.

IMP

CC

GO:0000784

nuclear chromosome, telomeric region

The terminal region of a linear nuclear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.

ISS

CC

GO:0005634

nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

IDA

CC

GO:0005720

nuclear heterochromatin

A condensed form of chromatin, occurring in the nucleus during interphase, that stains strongly with basophilic dyes. The DNA of heterochromatin is typically replicated at a later stage in the cell-division cycle than euchromatin.

TAS

CC

GO:0005721

pericentric heterochromatin

Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.

ISS

CC

GO:0016605

PML body

A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.

ISS

CC

GO:0031933

telomeric heterochromatin

Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at the telomeres.

ISS

CC

GO:0070603

SWI/SNF superfamily-type complex

A protein complex that contains an ortholog of the Saccharomyces ATPase Swi2/Snf2 as one of the core components and mediates assembly of nucleosomes, changes to the spacing or structure of nucleosomes, or some combination of those activities in a manner that requires ATP.

IDA

CC

GO:1990707

nuclear subtelomeric heterochromatin

Heterochromatic regions of the chromosome found at the subtelomeric regions of a chromosome in the nucleus.

IDA

MF

GO:0003677

DNA binding

Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

IEA

MF

GO:0003678

DNA helicase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA helix.

TAS

MF

GO:0003682

chromatin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.

IDA

MF

GO:0004386

helicase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.

TAS

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0005524

ATP binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.

IEA

MF

GO:0015616

DNA translocase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule.

IDA

MF

GO:0035064

methylated histone binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone protein in which a residue has been modified by methylation. Histones are any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes.

IDA

MF

GO:0042393

histone binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity.

IDA

MF

GO:0046872

metal ion binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion.

IEA

MF

GO:0070087

chromo shadow domain binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chromo shadow domain, a protein domain that is distantly related, and found in association with, the chromo domain.

IPI