BP

GO:0001878

response to yeast

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species.

IEA

BP

GO:0001967

suckling behavior

Specific behavior of a newborn or infant mammal that results in the derivation of nourishment from the breast.

IEA

BP

GO:0002576

platelet degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.

TAS

BP

GO:0006378

mRNA polyadenylation

The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript.

ISS

BP

GO:0006417

regulation of translation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA.

ISS

BP

GO:0006468

protein phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

ISS

BP

GO:0006878

cellular copper ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions at the level of a cell.

ISS

BP

GO:0006897

endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

ISS

BP

GO:0006979

response to oxidative stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.

IEA

BP

GO:0007155

cell adhesion

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.

IEA

BP

GO:0007176

regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.

ISS

BP

GO:0007219

Notch signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

IEA

BP

GO:0007409

axonogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon.

ISS

BP

GO:0007617

mating behavior

The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.

ISS

BP

GO:0007626

locomotory behavior

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.

ISS

BP

GO:0008088

axo-dendritic transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.

ISS

BP

GO:0008203

cholesterol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.

IEA

BP

GO:0008344

adult locomotory behavior

Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.

ISS

BP

GO:0008542

visual learning

Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.

ISS

BP

GO:0009987

cellular process

Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.

IMP

BP

GO:0010288

response to lead ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0010951

negative regulation of endopeptidase activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

IEA

BP

GO:0010952

positive regulation of peptidase activity

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

IEA

BP

GO:0010971

positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

IEA

BP

GO:0016199

axon midline choice point recognition

The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.

ISS

BP

GO:0016322

neuron remodeling

The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.

ISS

BP

GO:0016358

dendrite development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell.

ISS

BP

GO:0019731

antibacterial humoral response

An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

IEA

BP

GO:0019732

antifungal humoral response

An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.

IEA

BP

GO:0030198

extracellular matrix organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.

ISS|TAS

BP

GO:0030900

forebrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

IEA

BP

GO:0031175

neuron projection development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

ISS

BP

GO:0035235

ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex. Ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

ISS

BP

GO:0040014

regulation of multicellular organism growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.

ISS

BP

GO:0043393

regulation of protein binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.

IEA

BP

GO:0044267

cellular protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.

TAS

BP

GO:0045087

innate immune response

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

TAS

BP

GO:0045665

negative regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

IEA

BP

GO:0045931

positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

ISS

BP

GO:0045944

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IEA

BP

GO:0048669

collateral sprouting in absence of injury

The process in which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons.

ISS

BP

GO:0050803

regulation of synapse structure or activity

Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

ISS

BP

GO:0050829

defense response to Gram-negative bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

IEA

BP

GO:0050830

defense response to Gram-positive bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.

IEA

BP

GO:0050885

neuromuscular process controlling balance

Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.

IEA

BP

GO:0051124

synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction

The growth of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction, the site of apposition of a motor end plate and the subneural cleft of the skeletal muscle fiber that it innervates.

IEA

BP

GO:0051402

neuron apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.

IMP

BP

GO:0051563

smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.

IEA

BP

GO:0071320

cellular response to cAMP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071874

cellular response to norepinephrine stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system.

IEA

BP

GO:1990000

amyloid fibril formation

The generation of amyloid fibrils, insoluble fibrous protein aggregates exhibiting beta sheet structure, from proteins. An example of this is seen when human RIP1 and RIP3 kinases form a heterodimeric functional amyloid signaling complex (PMID:22817896).

IMP

BP

GO:1990090

cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus

A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.

IEA

CC

GO:0005576

extracellular region

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

TAS

CC

GO:0005615

extracellular space

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

IDA

CC

GO:0005641

nuclear envelope lumen

The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide.

IDA

CC

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

IDA|ISS

CC

GO:0005768

endosome

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

IDA

CC

GO:0005790

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.

IEA

CC

GO:0005791

rough endoplasmic reticulum

The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.

IEA

CC

GO:0005794

Golgi apparatus

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

IDA|ISS

CC

GO:0005829

cytosol

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

TAS

CC

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

IDA

CC

GO:0005887

integral component of plasma membrane

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

TAS

CC

GO:0005905

clathrin-coated pit

A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes.

IEA

CC

GO:0005911

cell-cell junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

IEA

CC

GO:0009986

cell surface

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

IDA

CC

GO:0016021

integral component of membrane

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

ISS

CC

GO:0030134

ER to Golgi transport vesicle

A vesicle that mediates transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex; bears a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins; such vesicles found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state, and are involved in ER to Golgi (anterograde) vesicle transport.

IEA

CC

GO:0030424

axon

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

ISS

CC

GO:0031093

platelet alpha granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet alpha granule.

TAS

CC

GO:0031594

neuromuscular junction

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

IEA

CC

GO:0031904

endosome lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endosome.

TAS

CC

GO:0032588

trans-Golgi network membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network.

TAS

CC

GO:0035253

ciliary rootlet

A cytoskeleton-like structure, originating from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium, and extending proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm.

IEA

CC

GO:0043195

terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

IEA

CC

GO:0043197

dendritic spine

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment - typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable including thin, stubby, mushroom, and branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

IDA

CC

GO:0043198

dendritic shaft

Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.

IDA

CC

GO:0043231

intracellular membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

IDA

CC

GO:0043235

receptor complex

Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

IDA

CC

GO:0044304

main axon

The main axonal trunk, as opposed to the collaterals; i.e., excluding collaterals, terminal, spines, or dendrites.

IEA

CC

GO:0045121

membrane raft

Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.

IDA

CC

GO:0045177

apical part of cell

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.

IEA

CC

GO:0045202

synapse

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell; the site of interneuronal communication. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

IDA

CC

GO:0048471

perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

IDA

CC

GO:0051233

spindle midzone

The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.

IEA

CC

GO:0070062

extracellular exosome

A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

IDA

CC

GO:0097449

astrocyte projection

A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons.

IEA

CC

GO:1990761

growth cone lamellipodium

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of an axonal or dendritic growth cone; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.

IEA

CC

GO:1990812

growth cone filopodium

A thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of an axonal or dendritic growth cone.

IEA

MF

GO:0003677

DNA binding

Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

ISS

MF

GO:0004867

serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of serine-type endopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain; a serine residue (and a histidine residue) are at the active center of the enzyme.

IDA

MF

GO:0005102

receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

IPI

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0008201

heparin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.

IEA

MF

GO:0016504

peptidase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.

IEA

MF

GO:0019899

enzyme binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any enzyme.

IPI

MF

GO:0042802

identical protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.

IPI

MF

GO:0046914

transition metal ion binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transition metal ions; a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.

IEA

MF

GO:0051425

PTB domain binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of a protein.

IPI

MF

GO:0070851

growth factor receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a growth factor receptor.

IEA