BP

GO:0000165

MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0007165

signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0008284

positive regulation of cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

NAS

BP

GO:0008286

insulin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.

IDA|IMP|IPI

BP

GO:0010907

positive regulation of glucose metabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

IMP

BP

GO:0014065

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.

IDA

BP

GO:0014066

regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

TAS

BP

GO:0032000

positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.

IMP

BP

GO:0032868

response to insulin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

IDA

BP

GO:0032869

cellular response to insulin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.

IMP

BP

GO:0036092

phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.

IEA

BP

GO:0042593

glucose homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0043434

response to peptide hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

ISS

BP

GO:0043547

positive regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.

IEA

BP

GO:0043552

positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.

ISS

BP

GO:0045725

positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.

IMP|NAS

BP

GO:0046326

positive regulation of glucose import

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.

IMP

BP

GO:0046627

negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

ISS

BP

GO:0046628

positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.

ISS

BP

GO:0046676

negative regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.

IDA

BP

GO:0046854

phosphatidylinositol phosphorylation

The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphatidylinositol, any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol.

IEA

BP

GO:0048009

insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.

IPI

BP

GO:0048015

phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling

A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.

TAS

BP

GO:2001275

positive regulation of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose import in response to insulin stimulus.

IDA

CC

GO:0005634

nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

ISS

CC

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

ISS

CC

GO:0005829

cytosol

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

IBA|TAS

CC

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

TAS

CC

GO:0005899

insulin receptor complex

A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.

ISS

CC

GO:0005901

caveola

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.

IDA

CC

GO:0043231

intracellular membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

ISS

MF

GO:0004871

signal transducer activity

Conveys a signal across a cell to trigger a change in cell function or state. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.

TAS

MF

GO:0005068

transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.

ISS

MF

GO:0005080

protein kinase C binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with protein kinase C.

ISS

MF

GO:0005088

Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.

TAS

MF

GO:0005158

insulin receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the insulin receptor.

IPI

MF

GO:0005159

insulin-like growth factor receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the insulin-like growth factor receptor.

IPI

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0016303

1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).

TAS

MF

GO:0042169

SH2 domain binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) of a protein, a protein domain of about 100 amino-acid residues and belonging to the alpha + beta domain class.

ISS

MF

GO:0043548

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.

IPI|ISS

MF

GO:0046934

phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).

TAS