BP

GO:0000082

G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.

IDA

BP

GO:0001541

ovarian follicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

IGI|NAS

BP

GO:0001942

hair follicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.

IGI

BP

GO:0002244

hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.

IDA

BP

GO:0006357

regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IDA

BP

GO:0006952

defense response

Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.

TAS

BP

GO:0007050

cell cycle arrest

A regulatory process that halts progression through the cell cycle during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M).

IDA

BP

GO:0007166

cell surface receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

TAS

BP

GO:0007267

cell-cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

TAS

BP

GO:0007399

nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

NAS

BP

GO:0008285

negative regulation of cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

IDA

BP

GO:0008584

male gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

IGI

BP

GO:0010628

positive regulation of gene expression

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

IDA

BP

GO:0010862

positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.

IDA

BP

GO:0021773

striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.

IDA

BP

GO:0030154

cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

TAS

BP

GO:0030218

erythrocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.

NAS

BP

GO:0030308

negative regulation of cell growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

IDA

BP

GO:0032270

positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.

IDA

BP

GO:0032924

activin receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

IDA

BP

GO:0035987

endodermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.

IDA

BP

GO:0040007

growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.

IEA

BP

GO:0042326

negative regulation of phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.

TAS

BP

GO:0042476

odontogenesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

IGI

BP

GO:0042493

response to drug

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.

IDA

BP

GO:0042541

hemoglobin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.

IDA

BP

GO:0042701

progesterone secretion

The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.

IGI

BP

GO:0043408

regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.

IBA

BP

GO:0045077

negative regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.

TAS

BP

GO:0045578

negative regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.

TAS

BP

GO:0045648

positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

IDA

BP

GO:0045650

negative regulation of macrophage differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.

TAS

BP

GO:0045786

negative regulation of cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

IDA

BP

GO:0045893

positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

IDA

BP

GO:0045944

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IDA

BP

GO:0046880

regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.

IGI

BP

GO:0046881

positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.

TAS

BP

GO:0046882

negative regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.

NAS

BP

GO:0048333

mesodermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell.

IEA

BP

GO:0048468

cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

IBA

BP

GO:0060021

palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The palate is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.

IGI

BP

GO:0060279

positive regulation of ovulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.

ISS

BP

GO:0060395

SMAD protein signal transduction

The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the activity of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell.

IBA

BP

GO:0061029

eyelid development in camera-type eye

The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye.

ISS

BP

GO:0071372

cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071397

cellular response to cholesterol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0097154

GABAergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.

IDA

BP

GO:0097191

extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

IDA

BP

GO:2001241

positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

IDA

CC

GO:0005576

extracellular region

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

IDA|TAS

CC

GO:0043509

activin A complex

A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A).

IDA

CC

GO:0043512

inhibin A complex

Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-A subunit.

IDA

CC

GO:0048471

perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

IEA

MF

GO:0005125

cytokine activity

Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.

IDA

MF

GO:0005160

transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the transforming growth factor beta receptor.

IBA

MF

GO:0005179

hormone activity

The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.

TAS

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0008083

growth factor activity

The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.

TAS

MF

GO:0017046

peptide hormone binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any peptide with hormonal activity in animals.

IPI

MF

GO:0034711

inhibin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an inhibin monomer, any of the polypeptides that combine to form activin and inhibin dimers.

IEA

MF

GO:0042802

identical protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.

IPI

MF

GO:0046982

protein heterodimerization activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.

IEA

MF

GO:0070699

type II activin receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type II activin receptor.

IPI