BP

GO:0000733

DNA strand renaturation

The identification and annealing of complementary base pairs in single-strand DNA.

IEA

BP

GO:0001780

neutrophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

IMP

BP

GO:0002250

adaptive immune response

An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).

IEA

BP

GO:0002548

monocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.

IDA

BP

GO:0002685

regulation of leukocyte migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.

ISS

BP

GO:0006909

phagocytosis

An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.

ISS

BP

GO:0006954

inflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.

ISS

BP

GO:0007165

signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0007166

cell surface receptor signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

IEA

BP

GO:0007187

G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.

IDA|IMP

BP

GO:0008360

regulation of cell shape

Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.

IDA

BP

GO:0010165

response to X-ray

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).

IEA

BP

GO:0014839

myoblast migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a myoblast migrates along an entire fiber to the site of injury. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

IEA

BP

GO:0018149

peptide cross-linking

The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains.

IDA

BP

GO:0030073

insulin secretion

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin.

IEA

BP

GO:0030216

keratinocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.

IDA

BP

GO:0030850

prostate gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.

IEA

BP

GO:0031018

endocrine pancreas development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.

IEA

BP

GO:0031340

positive regulation of vesicle fusion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.

IDA

BP

GO:0031394

positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.

IEA

BP

GO:0031532

actin cytoskeleton reorganization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

IDA

BP

GO:0032355

response to estradiol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

IEA

BP

GO:0032508

DNA duplex unwinding

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.

IEA

BP

GO:0032652

regulation of interleukin-1 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.

ISS

BP

GO:0032743

positive regulation of interleukin-2 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.

IDA

BP

GO:0033031

positive regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.

IEA

BP

GO:0036292

DNA rewinding

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are reformed to regenerate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ssDNA is often bound and stabilized by proteins such as replication protein A (RPA) to form ssDNA bubbles. The bubbles can be rewound by ATP-dependent motors to reform base pairs between strands and thus dsDNA.

IEA

BP

GO:0042063

gliogenesis

The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.

IEA

BP

GO:0042102

positive regulation of T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

IDA

BP

GO:0042493

response to drug

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.

IEA

BP

GO:0043066

negative regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

TAS

BP

GO:0043434

response to peptide hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

IEA

BP

GO:0044849

estrous cycle

A type of ovulation cycle, which occurs in most mammalian therian females, where the endometrium is resorbed if pregnancy does not occur.

IEA

BP

GO:0045087

innate immune response

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

IEA

BP

GO:0045627

positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.

IDA

BP

GO:0045629

negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.

IDA

BP

GO:0045920

negative regulation of exocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.

IMP

BP

GO:0046632

alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.

ISS

BP

GO:0046883

regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.

IMP

BP

GO:0050482

arachidonic acid secretion

The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.

IEA

BP

GO:0050727

regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.

ISS

BP

GO:0070301

cellular response to hydrogen peroxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0070365

hepatocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.

IEA

BP

GO:0070459

prolactin secretion

The regulated release of prolactin, a peptide hormone that stimulates lactation, from secretory granules in the anterior pituitary.

IEA

BP

GO:0070555

response to interleukin-1

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0071385

cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.

IDA

BP

GO:0071621

granulocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.

IDA

BP

GO:0090303

positive regulation of wound healing

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

IDA

BP

GO:0097350

neutrophil clearance

The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.

IMP

BP

GO:1900087

positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any cell cycle regulatory process that promotes the commitment of a cell from G1 to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.

IEA

BP

GO:1900138

negative regulation of phospholipase A2 activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase A2 activity.

IEA

BP

GO:2000483

negative regulation of interleukin-8 secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-8 secretion.

IMP

CC

GO:0001533

cornified envelope

A type of plasma membrane that has been modified through addition of distinct intracellular and extracellular components, including ceramide, found in cornifying epithelial cells (corneocytes).

IDA

CC

GO:0001891

phagocytic cup

An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.

IEA

CC

GO:0005576

extracellular region

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

TAS

CC

GO:0005615

extracellular space

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

IDA

CC

GO:0005634

nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

IDA

CC

GO:0005654

nucleoplasm

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

IDA

CC

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

IDA|TAS

CC

GO:0005768

endosome

A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.

IDA

CC

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

IDA

CC

GO:0005913

cell-cell adherens junction

An adherens junction which connects a cell to another cell.

IDA

CC

GO:0005925

focal adhesion

Small region on the surface of a cell that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments.

IDA

CC

GO:0009986

cell surface

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

IDA

CC

GO:0016323

basolateral plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

IEA

CC

GO:0016324

apical plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.

ISS

CC

GO:0016328

lateral plasma membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.

ISS

CC

GO:0019898

extrinsic component of membrane

The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

IDA

CC

GO:0030659

cytoplasmic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.

IEA

CC

GO:0031232

extrinsic component of external side of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its external surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

IDA

CC

GO:0031313

extrinsic component of endosome membrane

The component of an endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

ISS

CC

GO:0031514

motile cilium

A cilium which has a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules, contains molecular motors, and beats with a characteristic whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface. Motile cilia are typically found in multiple copies on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues. Motile cilia may also function as sensory organelles.

ISS

CC

GO:0031901

early endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome.

ISS

CC

GO:0031966

mitochondrial membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.

IEA

CC

GO:0031982

vesicle

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.

IDA

CC

GO:0042383

sarcolemma

The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.

IEA

CC

GO:0042629

mast cell granule

Coarse, bluish-black staining cytoplasmic granules, bounded by a plasma membrane and found in mast cells and basophils. Contents include histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, chymase and tryptase.

IEA

CC

GO:0043234

protein complex

A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical.

IEA

CC

GO:0070062

extracellular exosome

A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

IDA

MF

GO:0003697

single-stranded DNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded DNA.

IEA

MF

GO:0003727

single-stranded RNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded RNA.

IEA

MF

GO:0004386

helicase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.

IEA

MF

GO:0005102

receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.

TAS

MF

GO:0005198

structural molecule activity

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell.

IDA

MF

GO:0005509

calcium ion binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+).

ISS

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0005543

phospholipid binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.

TAS

MF

GO:0005544

calcium-dependent phospholipid binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phospholipids, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium.

IDA

MF

GO:0019834

phospholipase A2 inhibitor activity

Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.

IDA

MF

GO:0030674

protein binding, bridging

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more protein molecules, or a protein and another macromolecule or complex, through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.

IDA

MF

GO:0033676

double-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of double-stranded DNA, and it drives another reaction.

IEA

MF

GO:0036310

annealing helicase activity

Catalysis of the ATP-dependent rewinding of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to reform base pairs between strands. Often acts on ssDNA bubbles bound by replication protein A (RPA).

IEA

MF

GO:0042803

protein homodimerization activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein to form a homodimer.

IEA

MF

GO:0048306

calcium-dependent protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules), in the presence of calcium.

IPI

MF

GO:0098641

cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion

Any cadherin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.

IDA