BP

GO:0000281

mitotic cytokinesis

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.

IMP

BP

GO:0006888

ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.

TAS

BP

GO:0007009

plasma membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.

IMP

BP

GO:0007016

cytoskeletal anchoring at plasma membrane

A cytoskeleton organization process that directly or indirectly links cytoskeletal filaments to the plasma membrane.

TAS

BP

GO:0007165

signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

IEA

BP

GO:0007409

axonogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon.

ISS

BP

GO:0007411

axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

IEA

BP

GO:0007528

neuromuscular junction development

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.

ISS

BP

GO:0010628

positive regulation of gene expression

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

ISS

BP

GO:0010650

positive regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.

ISS

BP

GO:0010765

positive regulation of sodium ion transport

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

ISS

BP

GO:0010960

magnesium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.

ISS

BP

GO:0019228

neuronal action potential

An action potential that occurs in a neuron.

ISS

BP

GO:0034112

positive regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.

ISS

BP

GO:0043001

Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport

The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.

IMP

BP

GO:0043266

regulation of potassium ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

ISS

BP

GO:0045184

establishment of protein localization

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.

IMP

BP

GO:0045838

positive regulation of membrane potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.

ISS

BP

GO:0071286

cellular response to magnesium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.

ISS

BP

GO:0071709

membrane assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.

IMP|ISS

BP

GO:0072659

protein localization to plasma membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.

IGI|IMP|ISS

BP

GO:0072660

maintenance of protein location in plasma membrane

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in the plasma membrane, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.

IGI

BP

GO:0072661

protein targeting to plasma membrane

The process of directing proteins towards the plasma membrane; usually uses signals contained within the protein.

IMP

BP

GO:0090314

positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.

ISS

BP

GO:1900827

positive regulation of membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during a cardiac muscle cell action potential.

ISS

BP

GO:1902260

negative regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.

ISS

BP

GO:2000651

positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.

ISS

BP

GO:2001259

positive regulation of cation channel activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.

ISS

CC

GO:0005764

lysosome

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

IEA

CC

GO:0005783

endoplasmic reticulum

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

TAS

CC

GO:0005794

Golgi apparatus

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

IEA

CC

GO:0005829

cytosol

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

TAS

CC

GO:0005886

plasma membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

ISS

CC

GO:0005923

bicellular tight junction

An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.

IDA

CC

GO:0009925

basal plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

IDA

CC

GO:0009986

cell surface

The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.

ISS

CC

GO:0014704

intercalated disc

A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.

ISS

CC

GO:0014731

spectrin-associated cytoskeleton

The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.

ISS

CC

GO:0016323

basolateral plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

IDA

CC

GO:0016328

lateral plasma membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.

IDA

CC

GO:0016529

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.

ISS

CC

GO:0030018

Z disc

Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.

ISS

CC

GO:0030315

T-tubule

Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.

ISS

CC

GO:0030425

dendrite

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

ISS

CC

GO:0031594

neuromuscular junction

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

ISS

CC

GO:0033268

node of Ranvier

An axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction is executed.

ISS

CC

GO:0033270

paranode region of axon

An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.

IEA

CC

GO:0042383

sarcolemma

The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.

IDA

CC

GO:0043005

neuron projection

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

ISS

CC

GO:0043034

costamere

Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix.

TAS

CC

GO:0043194

axon initial segment

Portion of the axon proximal to the neuronal cell body, at the level of the axon hillock. The action potentials that propagate along the axon are generated at the level of this initial segment.

ISS

CC

GO:0045211

postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

ISS

MF

GO:0005200

structural constituent of cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.

IMP

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0008092

cytoskeletal protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).

ISS

MF

GO:0008093

cytoskeletal adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a cytoskeletal protein and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.

IBA

MF

GO:0030507

spectrin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with spectrin, a protein that is the major constituent of the erythrocyte cytoskeletal network. It associates with band 4.1 (see band protein) and actin to form the cytoskeletal superstructure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. It is composed of nonhomologous chains, alpha and beta, which aggregate side-to-side in an antiparallel fashion to form dimers, tetramers, and higher polymers.

IBA|ISS

MF

GO:0030674

protein binding, bridging

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more protein molecules, or a protein and another macromolecule or complex, through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.

ISS

MF

GO:0044325

ion channel binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on an ion channel, a protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.

ISS

MF

GO:0045296

cadherin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.

ISS