BP

GO:0000165

MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain two additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K and the downstream MAP Kinase-activated kinase (MAPKAPK). The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0000187

activation of MAPK activity

The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase (MAPK).

IMP

BP

GO:0000902

cell morphogenesis

The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.

IEA

BP

GO:0001964

startle response

An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0003161

cardiac conduction system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.

IEA

BP

GO:0003222

ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.

IDA

BP

GO:0007154

cell communication

Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.

TAS

BP

GO:0007171

activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.

IEA

BP

GO:0007399

nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

TAS

BP

GO:0007416

synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.

IEA

BP

GO:0007422

peripheral nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.

IEA

BP

GO:0007626

locomotory behavior

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.

IEA

BP

GO:0008284

positive regulation of cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

IMP

BP

GO:0008366

axon ensheathment

Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal.

IEA

BP

GO:0009790

embryo development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.

IEA

BP

GO:0014032

neural crest cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

TAS

BP

GO:0014066

regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

TAS

BP

GO:0014068

positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.

IEA

BP

GO:0018108

peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.

IEA

BP

GO:0021781

glial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell.

IEA

BP

GO:0021842

chemorepulsion involved in interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex

The creation and reception of signals that result in the movement of interneurons away from the signal during migration from the subpallium to the cortex.

IEA

BP

GO:0030879

mammary gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.

TAS

BP

GO:0031643

positive regulation of myelination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.

IEA

BP

GO:0032148

activation of protein kinase B activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.

IMP

BP

GO:0035556

intracellular signal transduction

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.

IBA

BP

GO:0038127

ERBB signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

IDA|IMP

BP

GO:0038128

ERBB2 signaling pathway

A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptors on the surface of a cell, where the signal is transmitted by ERBB2. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB2 receptors are themselves unable to bind to ligands, but act as a signal-amplifying tyrosine kinase within a heterodimeric pair.

TAS

BP

GO:0042060

wound healing

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

TAS

BP

GO:0042177

negative regulation of protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

IEA

BP

GO:0043496

regulation of protein homodimerization activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.

TAS

BP

GO:0043497

regulation of protein heterodimerization activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein heterodimerization, interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.

IDA

BP

GO:0043547

positive regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.

IEA

BP

GO:0045213

neurotransmitter receptor metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors.

IEA

BP

GO:0045773

positive regulation of axon extension

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.

IEA

BP

GO:0045892

negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

IDA

BP

GO:0045944

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

IEA

BP

GO:0046579

positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.

IEA

BP

GO:0046854

phosphatidylinositol phosphorylation

The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphatidylinositol, any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol.

IEA

BP

GO:0048015

phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling

A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.

TAS

BP

GO:0048663

neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.

IEA

BP

GO:0048709

oligodendrocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

IEA

BP

GO:0050731

positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.

IEA

BP

GO:0051048

negative regulation of secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.

IDA

BP

GO:0051155

positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.

ISS

BP

GO:0051897

positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase B signaling, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B.

IEA

BP

GO:0055007

cardiac muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.

ISS

BP

GO:0060379

cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.

IDA

BP

GO:0060956

endocardial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.

IDA

BP

GO:0060999

positive regulation of dendritic spine development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

IEA

BP

GO:0070886

positive regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.

IEA

BP

GO:1903955

positive regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.

IMP

BP

GO:2000010

positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.

IEA

BP

GO:2000145

regulation of cell motility

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

TAS

BP

GO:2000727

positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.

IEA

BP

GO:2001223

negative regulation of neuron migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.

IEA

CC

GO:0005576

extracellular region

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

NAS|TAS

CC

GO:0005634

nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

IEA

CC

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

IEA

CC

GO:0005887

integral component of plasma membrane

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

IEA

CC

GO:0009897

external side of plasma membrane

The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

IEA

CC

GO:0016020

membrane

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

NAS

CC

GO:0030425

dendrite

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

IEA

CC

GO:0030673

axolemma

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.

IEA

CC

GO:0031594

neuromuscular junction

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

IEA

CC

GO:0044297

cell body

The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.

IEA

MF

GO:0003712

transcription cofactor activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a regulatory transcription factor and also with the basal transcription machinery in order to modulate transcription. Cofactors generally do not bind the template nucleic acid, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.

IDA

MF

GO:0004713

protein tyrosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.

TAS

MF

GO:0005088

Ras guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

Stimulates the exchange of guanyl nucleotides associated with a GTPase of the Ras superfamily. Under normal cellular physiological conditions, the concentration of GTP is higher than that of GDP, favoring the replacement of GDP by GTP in association with the GTPase.

TAS

MF

GO:0005125

cytokine activity

Functions to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.

TAS

MF

GO:0005176

ErbB-2 class receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor Neu/ErbB-2/HER2.

IEA

MF

GO:0005178

integrin binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an integrin.

IDA

MF

GO:0008083

growth factor activity

The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.

NAS

MF

GO:0030297

transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.

NAS

MF

GO:0030971

receptor tyrosine kinase binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.

NAS

MF

GO:0043125

ErbB-3 class receptor binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-3/HER3.

IDA

MF

GO:0045499

chemorepellent activity

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.

IEA

MF

GO:0046934

phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).

TAS