BP

GO:0000183

chromatin silencing at rDNA

Repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.

TAS

BP

GO:0001649

osteoblast differentiation

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

IEA

BP

GO:0006334

nucleosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.

IBA|IDA|IMP

BP

GO:0006336

DNA replication-independent nucleosome assembly

The formation of nucleosomes outside the context of DNA replication.

IDA

BP

GO:0006997

nucleus organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.

IEA

BP

GO:0007286

spermatid development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

IEA

BP

GO:0007338

single fertilization

The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

IEA

BP

GO:0007420

brain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

IEA

BP

GO:0007566

embryo implantation

Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.

IEA

BP

GO:0007596

blood coagulation

The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.

TAS

BP

GO:0008283

cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

IEA

BP

GO:0008584

male gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

IEA

BP

GO:0009725

response to hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.

IEA

BP

GO:0030307

positive regulation of cell growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

IMP

BP

GO:0031047

gene silencing by RNA

Any process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.

TAS

BP

GO:0031508

pericentric heterochromatin assembly

The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.

IEA

BP

GO:0031509

telomeric heterochromatin assembly

The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin at the telomere.

IEA

BP

GO:0032200

telomere organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.

TAS

BP

GO:0035264

multicellular organism growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.

IEA

BP

GO:0042692

muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.

IEA

BP

GO:0044267

cellular protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.

TAS

BP

GO:0045814

negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

Any epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression.

TAS

BP

GO:0045815

positive regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

Any epigenetic process that activates or increases the rate of gene expression.

TAS

BP

GO:0048477

oogenesis

The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

IEA

BP

GO:0090230

regulation of centromere complex assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of centromere complex assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex.

IEA

BP

GO:1902340

negative regulation of chromosome condensation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.

IEA

CC

GO:0000228

nuclear chromosome

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

IDA

CC

GO:0000784

nuclear chromosome, telomeric region

The terminal region of a linear nuclear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.

IDA

CC

GO:0000786

nucleosome

A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.

IBA|IDA

CC

GO:0000788

nuclear nucleosome

A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA in the nucleus into higher order structures.

IDA

CC

GO:0001740

Barr body

A structure found in a female mammalian cell containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.

IEA

CC

GO:0005576

extracellular region

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

TAS

CC

GO:0005634

nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

IBA|IDA

CC

GO:0005654

nucleoplasm

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

TAS

CC

GO:0043234

protein complex

A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical.

IDA

CC

GO:0070062

extracellular exosome

A membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

IDA

MF

GO:0000979

RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase II basal transcription machinery.

IDA

MF

GO:0000980

RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA polymerase II (Pol II) distal enhancer. In mammalian cells, enhancers are distal sequences that increase the utilization of some promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the core promoter.

IDA

MF

GO:0005515

protein binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).

IPI

MF

GO:0031492

nucleosomal DNA binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the DNA portion of a nucleosome.

IBA|IDA

MF

GO:0042393

histone binding

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of plant and animal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in nonspecific suppression of gene activity.

IPI

MF

GO:0046982

protein heterodimerization activity

Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.

IEA